Compliance of Nurses with personal protective equipment

Compliance of Nurses with personal protective equipment Introduction The identification of clients with infectious diseases through the clinical and laboratory assessment is Possible, but not always be effective. Because the most of infectious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis and other, the Microorganisms needs to the incubation period before appearance the signs and symptoms of disease on the clients, however, the probability of transmission of infection are possible in these is period. Therefore, any patient should be regarded as a potential source of infection (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008). Use of personal protective equipment is very important to prevent infectious pathogens transmitted from patient to nurse and the versa is true. Furthermore, correctly select and use of personal protective equipment is very effective to prevent transmission of infection, in addition to reduce the risks of exposure for infectious agents (Hon et al 2008). However, the health environment filled with hazards and pathogens because of that nurses should be use effective ba rrier equipment to break down any probability to contamination by infectious agent (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008). The personal protective equipments in all contents aprons, gloves, gowns, eye protection (goggles, glasses), caps, laboratory coats, resuscitation bags and face shields/mask all of this and other, are use frequently in general care settings as very important part of standard precaution (Clark et al 2002; Pratt et al 2007). The standard precautions developed gradually from the universal precautions (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008), which began as prevention agent to prevent transmission of blood borne pathogens to healthcare workers (Wilson 2001). Standard precautions are evidence-based guidance designed to reduce incidence of healthcare associated infection and transmission of infections in healthcare environment (Pellow et al. 2004). Also all intervention and precautions must be applied by all healthcare workers to provide professional care and safety to all health worker and patients in health environment (Pratt et al. 2007). The Standard precautions it aim to prevent transmission of infection or at least reduce probability of transmission any infected pathogens to the lowest level between nurses and patients , also to protect the patients and healthcare workers at the same time by use standardized precautions such as personal protective equipments (Cullen et al, 2006). Damani (2003) did clarify the standard infection precautions guideline, health worker education are playing effective role to minimize major problems in the UK such as the antibiotic resistant and health care associated infections. Furthermore, the personal protective equipments as the important part of standard precautions and playing very effective role to prevent incident of healthcare associated infections, it was identified as one of the most common complications in the health care environment, recently which affects on approximately 10% of clients admitted to hospitals worldwide (Filetoth 2003), around 4-10% between hospitals in the developed countries (Nazarko 2008). Also the rate varies from 5-15% in the developing countries (Jarvis 2007). Globally, healthcare associated infections infect a patient every two minutes and the world loses one patient every two hours because of healthcare associated infections leading to non-compliance the healthcare workers with personal protective equipments use and anther standard precautions (Chief Medical Officers Report 2006). For instance, harbarth et al (2001) cleared the rate of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers nearly 34%, and Golan et al (2006) cleared the compliance for hand hygiene before provide care nearly 10% and 36% after provide care. Therefore, some studies suggest that the use of MMS, images, videos and online education is very effective to education the health care workers and increased level of compliance and application of personal protective equipments during practice (Pullen 2006), such as Hon et al (2008) reported the rate of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers post provide course when wear the personal protective equipment nearly 87% and 68% when taking off the personal protective equipments. The main infectious occupational risks in the healthcare environment such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Also There are some nurses more risk to transmit or received infection for or from patient such as staff nurses in surgical or operations department, because of he or she have high chances to direct contact with blood of patient and make many of specific procedures(Ganczak and Szych, 2007). Doebbeling et al (2003) did clarify the occupational blood exposure occurred frequently among the healthcare workers , also as stated in his study one-fourth to one-third of the respondents had injured by percutaneous blood exposure in the previous three months. Specifically, more than one-third of nursing had exposure more than one time to mucocutaneous blood in the previous three months. Also the exposure and injury rates to infection in health environment is vary differ according to the occupation, which depending on several factors such as the average of time spent in provide care for patient or treated of specimens, use of standard precautions during provide care, frequency use of certain devices and mostly never recapping needles. Gershon et al (1995) clarify the compliance rates among healthcare workers related for the eleven items of personal protective equipments, 97% compliance rate for gloves ; 95% for disposal of sharps; and also the compliance rate is low for others items such as 62% for wearing protective outer clothing and 63% for wearing eye protection. Therefore, Gershon et al find strongly relationship between the compliances of healthcare workers and several key factors such as perception of risk; and training on use the standard precautions as the personal protective equipments. Research questions and aims: What is the level of compliance of nursing with Personal protective equipments use? The aim for this question is to evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients. Also to identify the level of compliance for each tool of personal protective equipments. What are the significant factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protection equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care? The aim for this question is to identify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protective equipments use during provides nursing care for patients. Almost all nursing interventions need to use personal protective equipment frequently during provide care for patients and especially when applying sterilizes nursing procedures for patients, Because of that this study aims to: 1-to identify mainly significant factors that led to non-compliance with personal protection equipment among Jordanian nurses during provides care. 2- To evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients. 3- To enhance the safety for patients and caregivers in hospital in the same time. 4- To explore the gaps between knowledge and practice relater to personal protective equipments among Jordanian nursing. 5- To enhance apply the standard precautions guideline for personal protective equipments among nursing. 6- To prevent transmission of infection between the nurses and patients, also to minimise incident some of major problem in healthcare environments such as health care associated infection and antibiotic resistant. 7- To provide appropriate solutions and suggestions for these is factors. Rational of the methodology: This study was proposed to evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use and identify the level of compliance for each tool among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients. Also to explore the significant factors that leads to non-compliance with personal protection equipments use. However, for the above proposed research quantitative design shall be used. Quantitative researchers do not look to confirm a hypothesis, but looking forward to reject the hypothesis through the analysis of data and therefore development of statements through clarify of causal relationships (Phillips and Burbules, 2000). Moreover quantitative researches often start with a hypothesis related to phenomena to be tested and after the data are collected and analyses, support this is hypothesis or refute by clarify the relationship between the variables (Holt 2009). Furthermore, quantitative research is often used as a method trying to display causal relationships under controlled or standardized condition (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997). Quantitative research is described as the numerical representation and processing of observations and data for the purpose of describing and explain phenomena and facts that those observations reflect. On the other hand the qualitative research is defined as the non-numerical representation and analysis of observations and data; for the purpose of determining underlying meanings and discovering the patterns of relationships (Babbie 1992). As a result the quantitative research is apply deductive approach (where data are especially collected for the purpose of hypotheses, analysis and testing ideas) rather than the qualitative research is apply inductive approach (develop the generalizations and ideas Through the data ) (Meadows 2003). Quantitative research is identified the science as objective fact or truth, different from quantitative research is identified the science depending on previous experience and thus subjectivity determined. Furthermore, quantitative research method is use numerical estimates and statistical analysis from a generalization sample related to a larger number of populations true (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997). And thus the quantitative research involves experiments and surveys, where statistics and data are collected by using standardized methods such as structured interviews and questionnaires (Meadows 2003). On the other hand the qualitative research method is use narrative description and continual comparisons, are more often use to understand the specific sample or situations being studied (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997). Quantitative research is an effective and necessary part of healthcare services researches; the most example of this is the controlled randomized experiment research, with its importance on experimentation and large size of sample. However, quantitative researches cover a wide broader spectrum of activity, which can contain some of small-scale descriptive studies, through to more specialization and complication studies by detect and explore the relationships between variables (Meadows 2003). Quantitative research used many of research designs for example experiments or surveys and correlational studies (Holt 2009). Also Robson (2002) classified the quantitative research to several types under the headings experimental design, quasi-experimental design and non-experimental design; however these designs sometimes are similar in several respects such as patterns of group behaviour, properties and tendencies. But meadows in (2003) classified the quantitative research strategies to two designs experimental and non-experimental designs. Also the experimental designs are characterized by the introduction or management of some variable for example randomized control trials (RCT) (Lanoe 2007). But in the non experimental designs the data are get from existing groups, for example (relational design) to consider at the relationship between a number of variables such as the scores on a pain or depression scale and age; (descriptive design) to identify the frequency and type of probl em in a specific group; (analytical design) to determination why a specific group is affected although the another is not (Meadows 2003). The qualitative studies are more complicated for generalization than the quantitative studies and more controversial. Therefore, Researchers in quantitative research rarely worry for generalizability issue. Also the goal of most qualitative studies is to present a rich of study, contextualized and considerate of human experience through the concentrated study of particular cases (Polit and Beck, 2010). Related to my aim from this is study the quantitative design is more appropriate than qualitative design. However, the designs of quantitative research are serves the proposed aims for these is study. In addition this study when looking forward to identify the relationship between the nursing compliance and personal protective equipments, identify frequency of non-compliance of nursing for the personal protective equipments and to determine which personal protective equipments more compliance and another are less compliance. And also after analyse the data will be able to identify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protective equipments use among the nursing. it was consider that the literature review could put in the picture the select of methodology and method for this study and also according to the objectives and aims of this study; in addition, this study looking forward to analysis of collected data from a largest size of sample from nurses through survey design. Thus quantitative design approach would be the most excellent approach to achieve my aims and objectives. Research methodologies: Qualitative methods The most three data collection methods common in qualitative research are interview participant observation and focus group discussions. Firstly, participant observation method the data collection in this method when the researcher watching interactions and acts of participants in a natural situation. Also perhaps the researcher has a role or task in the observation site in addition for his observation role (Greenhalgh and Taylor, 1997). Thus involve on the researcher use some of data collection techniques for example observation, interviewing and self-analysis and reflection. In addition the participant observation is aim to create a completely and specifically description of social interaction in a natural situation (Astin and Long, 2009). Also the researcher has more control on the participants especially about credibility issue and more aware about the less tangible aspects for example apathy and good will. But the participant observation the researcher might have complexity to making observe if involved in the location and recording data especially if working in busy situation such as hospital, the researcher los t the accuracy of observation if the participants might see the researcher make spying or threat (Lanoe 2007). In addition the participant observation techniques put the researcher under some particular pressure and ethical challenges (Astin and Long, 2009). Secondly, interview method is defined as the interaction and effective conversation between the researcher and participant and usually is in the form face-to-face in a natural location such as participants home or workplace (Astin and Long, 2009). Moreover the interview can give the interviewee and researcher more flexibility to express opinions, views and make dissection. But the researchers need to have communication skills of interview; Long time to collect data; difficulty in recording, analysing and coding the information; and the interviews non-confidential are not anonymous (Lanoe 2007). Quantitative methods: The most common methods to collect data in quantitative researches is the survey, which approximately always uses questionnaires, structured interviews (face-to-face or telephone), or tests and scales (Meadows 2003). Firstly, structured interview method the researcher an interviewer poses his questions exactly the same question in the same way and order on the respondent and also gives the opportunity for the researcher to filling out the answers of questionnaire (Holt 2009). But the researcher will be exposed to the same problems that face in any interview such as need to have communication skills of interview, long time to collect data and analysis, in addition difficulty to find appropriate place and time of interview especially with nurses are working in hospital (Lanoe 2007). Secondly, it was consider that the literature review could put in the picture the select of method for this study. Also and according to the objectives and aims of this study, questionnaires method approach would be the best approach to achieve the objectives and aims of this study. Questionnaires are a most method of data collection in quantitative design, also characterized mostly as relatively inexpensive; can be cover large numbers of sample by given to several participant at the same time; allow the participant a degree of privacy and answered anonymously, Therefore the participants might be more truthful. However, some famous questionnaires dont require users to get a licence from the author for use (Holt 2009). Also the questionnaires method characterized by more easier to analyse and code of data and. In addition more effectively for time to respondents and researchers especially if the respondent as the nurses working in busy area (Lanoe 2007). Nieswiadomy (2008) summarized the importance of questionnaire method by ability to provide good accurate data on population, using relatively small size of samples. In addition the advantage of questionnaire researcher can obtained large amount of data, quickly and less cost. Although, the questionnaires method needs effort to preparation and perhaps time to test validity and reliability, also some persons do not like forms. Moreover, the most limitation of questionnaire is the type of information obtained (Nieswiadomy 2008), because of some respondents might be answer casually do not bothering about their answers or trying to provide the correct answer, although the researcher cannot ask the respondent to clarification their answers (Lanoe 2007). Literature review: The purpose of the literature review is to explore and clarify the recently study, knowledge, standardise precautions guideline and theory on the compliance of nurses with personal protective equipments use, in other hand to clarify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance for it among nurses. Moreover it was considered that the literature review would inform the select of most appropriate research design and method for this study. The literature search for this study which will be using computerized databases by Athens log-in: Medline, CINAHL, Ovid, SAGE, Cochrane Database and the Evidence-Based Medicine. In addition, specific online journals as in Science Direct journal, Medscape Nurses, Medpulse Journal, BioMed central articles, Journal of advanced Nursing, BMJ Journals. Furthermore, have been limited set for each data base: date range between1996-2010, related for nursing, full text articles and journals. To provide the recently studies, information and researchers on the compliances of nurses with personal protective equipments ; and to grow deeper in topic of this study more analytically and Informatics, in addition to devise the best methods used for the same of this study; read and analyse some of the used questionnaires, and perhaps use one of their. Additional reviewing included the WHO, NHS, Jordanian Ministry of Health, and Jordanian Nursing and Midwife Council. A manual search also undertaken by examining the reference list at the end of the articles found and those that were relevant were followed through. So as to get at the latest statistics and numerical and ratio analysis to benefit of their in this study, accordingly, building of some comparative studies and explore some of the causal relations between the personal protective equipment tools and the compliances of nursing and in addition to clarify the significant factors that led to non-compliances with personal protective equipments and support that by statistically rates. Also and one of literature review strategy is critically read and analyse for text books references about nursing research, standard precaution, personal protective equipment and nursing guideline. The key words used were Nursing Personal protective equipment, Standard precaution, Nursing safety, Qualitative and quantitative research, qualitative research, quantitative research, Nursing compliance, guideline, Jordanian nursing, Knowledge, practice, attitude According to the topic, formulated questions, objectives and aims of this study the literature review clarify the picture about select of methodology and method for this study and also after the literature review has been seen on some of the questionnaires used in the same study and how collected and what the questions that used in the questionnaires. In addition, identify the most significant factors effect on the compliances of healthcare workers with personal protective equipments use.

The Justice Game – Truth Essay

†¢How does the prosecution and defense each represent the truth? †¢Values and attitudes of the participants? †¢Robertson’s values and representation of the truth? Truth can be represented in differing ways according to the values and attitudes of the persona whose representation of truth is being expressed. Throughout Geoffrey Robertson’s The Justice Game the responder is convinced to accept the composer’s representation of truth through the use of composing techniques such as the short story structure, Robertson’s social status, various language techniques, symbolism and the use of examples and quotations to back up Robertson’s statements. The perspective on truth held by the other participants in each trial is however also included. The term ‘truth’ refers to accurately placing information in accordance with fact or reality. The ‘truth’ in The Justice Game is essentially about revealing to its readers â€Å"What is kept from the public, and what the public wish to be kept from†. Each case was chosen by Robertson to provide different representations of the ‘truth’ based on different values and attitudes. The short story structure allows many themes relevant to society to be coherently included in one text. Through the eyes of Robertson people have the opportunity to see the ‘truth’ in these highly publicised cases from the perspective of a learned and involved man. Robertson is assumed to be a reliable source of truth by the average reader, because he is a celebrated lawyer and has been chosen to represent people as high profiled as the â€Å"Princess of Wales†. The genre and format of the text represent certain qualities to the reader, along with the social status of Robertson which in turn, act to convince them that what is written is true. The Trials of Oz† is a case that took place in 1971 against Richard Neville, Jim Anderson, and Felix Dennis, editors of the infamous underground Oz magazine. The controversy arose from the prosecution’s perspective that the material in the magazine was detrimental and corruptive to society of that time. In particular the comic strip satirizing Rupert the Bear elaborately renamed Rupert the Bare, and a small adverti sement titled Suck. The prosecution represents the truth through a traditional method of attack that shows Leary’s Victorian image. Brian Leary representing the prosecution draws on the jury’s traditional background to make them empathize with his perspective of the truth that the Oz magazine was an indecent article. Leary discredits witnesses with his â€Å"insinuatingly effective† cross- examinations. The defense and Oz magazine were branded as the ‘alternative society’ in order to alienate them in the jury’s mind, and to make the jury feel unwilling to belong to the defence and therefor the ‘alternative society’. The prosecution feels that the ‘alternative society’ has no respect for the accepted values and attitudes of ‘normal society’. The ‘alternative society’ is described to worship sex until it reaches the ultimate stage of â€Å"fucking on the streets†. This is an example of the generalisations made which portray the ‘alternative society’ as unattractive and distasteful to be a part of. The Defence on the other hand, use high profiled witnesses and statistics, such as the pornography survey conducted on married couples, to highlight the harmless nature of the Oz magazine. John Mortimer representing the defence, undermines the seriousness of the trial through his permissive attitude towards life. The defence lightens the atmosphere with comical jokes such as when Leary asked Dixon how old he thought Rupert the Bare was, he replied â€Å"I’m not an expert in determining Bears’ ages†¦ maybe you are more familiar in the field? † This aids in reducing the seriousness of the accusations. He trivialises the magazine by referring to it as a â€Å"schoolboy prank† or â€Å"cheeky criticism†, and thus considerably plays down the charges. The language technique of using humour makes the whole trial appear as a joke. The composer states that â€Å"Perhaps the best thing about Oz is that they just don’t have trials like that anymore. † Robertson’s representation of the truth toward the Oz magazine is that he sees it as cheeky but not harmful. Experts are used as witnesses to portray the defendants as essentially guiltless, and to make the prosecution’s arguments appear groundless, based on confusion tactics and unreality. Robertson constantly undermines and discredits most people who hold power in the establishment. This is represented in his ridicule of Judge Argyle as he points out the mistakes he made when sentencing, and how he portrays judge Argyle as narrow minded and unreasonable. The composer shows himself as an advocate of new society through his belief that the trial is merely a â€Å"collision of cultural incomprehension†, with the older generation symbolised by Judge Argyle, being unable to understand the revolutionary notions held by the younger generation. This is shown by his constant criticism of the judge, whose inability to comprehend contemporary vernacular and general knowledge is stressed repeatedly, effectively conveyed through the misunderstanding of the phrase â€Å"right on† and the sexual act of â€Å"cunnilingus†. Robertson aligns himself with the values of his target audience, the working class and lower middle classes, allowing the reader to identify with him. Consequently the reader is content to allow Robertson to represent their opinions as they are convinced that the authors representation of ‘truth’ is correct, although being subjected to other representations of the ‘truth’ as well. Robertson’s main argument in â€Å"Michael X on Death Row† was that â€Å"the death penalty was, in itself, a cruel and unusual punishment† Robertson’s representation of ‘truth’ in this instance is that prolonged stay on death row amounted to cruelty and was contrary to the Bill of Rights. Robertson, a Civil Libertarian, believes that there is only hope in the courts and not in politics, and that his strong stances on humanity can only be achieved through battling the government to change the law, in court. Robertson states that he is â€Å"passionately in favour of the incorporation into British law, the European Convention on human rights. † This fact and Michael’s ordeal are what brought about the battle to save death row inmates, that Robertson endured for twenty- years. Robertson repeatedly reminds the reader of the longevity of his battle to abolish capital punishment in commonwealth countries, which reflects his slightly egotistical nature but also symbolically reminds the reader of the many years spent by inmates on death row. As a young lawyer when Robertson took up this case, he was highly idealist and his interest in the case was genuine. The prosecution refutes the defences statement that â€Å"prolonged stay on death row is inhumane† arguing that in many cases the reason for long delays before executions are the self- induced delays of last minute desperate appeals on their behalf from their lawyers. The prosecution continues that innocent people were never convicted and â€Å"All murder convictions are approved by the finest judges in the world,† and deserved their sentence. The defence represents the ‘truth’ of capital punishment being â€Å"unbecoming to human dignity. † They evoke emotion and sympathy from the reader and the courts through phrasing death with terms such as â€Å"human sacrifice† and using emotive language. Robertson aids this cause through colourful analogies such as comparing his visit to see Michael X to that of seeing the rarest species of animal at the zoo. The defence believes that although their immediate client Michael X cannot be saved, they are helping countries through the progression of their constitutions. Robertson presents this case in a very biased manor, creating a strong sympathetic feeling in the reader towards the â€Å"solemn, vulnerable member of the living dead† Michael X. Throughout the story Michael X is referred to as simply â€Å"Michael† establishing that the inmate is a changed man. Robertson presents Michael X to be the victim and the state to be the villain, which once again portrays his distain for authority evident in his other stories. A detailed description of the process of execution is given which adds to Robertson’s view that capital punishment goes against the European conventions of humanity. The crime committed by Michael X is only referred to a whole ten pages into the story, after creating a sense of innocence to the character of â€Å"Michael†, and the crime itself is not given any real importance by Robertson. This is a technique used to portray other ‘truths’ as such, whilst convincing the reader to conform to Robertson’s representation of the ‘truth’ and not letting the reader believe the alternate ‘truth’. All the descriptions of death row are negative, prejudiced by Robertson’s opposition to capital punishment. As the subject matter is a serious one dealing with capital punishment, Robertson has chosen the use of an objective and serious tone of voice in contrast to â€Å"The Trials of Oz† which is presented in a more light- hearted tone to emphasise the undermining of the charges. The first person narrative structure allows the ‘truth’ to be told from a different and more reliable source than â€Å"The Trials of Oz† as Robertson is more learned in this case, as he was personally involved. This however, brings about the technique of employing one- sided story telling to build the character of Michael X as a victim of the out dated death row execution system, and emphasises that â€Å"He was a different man; four years on. † Through the technique of careful positioning of facts, Robertson persuades the reader to agree with his representation of the ‘truth’. He appeals to the readers humanity and convinces them to sympathise with Michael X, by showing the inhumanity and immorality of the execution system through illustrations of exaggerated cruelty of the ghoulish rituals performed before and during execution. In Sylvia Plath’s poem The Mirror, the personification of the mirror stands as the objective endorser of truth. The mirror tells the responder that it is â€Å"not cruel, only truthful,† that it has no other purpose but to â€Å"reflect† the physical appearance of the female body, as a lake would do. This is expressed through the metaphorical statement â€Å"Now I am a lake. † Personification allows the â€Å"mirror† to make unbiased and â€Å"exact† observations and through these we come to understand the importance of appearance to the woman. The woman â€Å"searches my (mirror’s) reaches for what she really is†, conveying Plath’s representation of the ‘truth’ that to the woman, her true self is based purely on her external appearance. The â€Å"mirror† describes itself as having no â€Å"preconceptions† allowing it to simply reflect the unbiased reflection of a woman’s physical appearance, unlike candles and the moon, which are said to be â€Å"liars† as they cast mellow lights that can distort the reflection from the truth of daylight. Plath metaphorically likens the mirror to â€Å"The eye of a little god†, emphasising the power that it has over the emotional state of the woman who ironically â€Å"rewards (the mirror) with tears and an agitation of hands† acknowledging the importance of the mirror to her, and its â€Å"faithful† reflecting of her true physical appearance. The poem is a comment on society’s fixation on image. Plath exposes the truth about aging: the resentment and rejection of it, especially through the continuation of the water imagery that the â€Å"mirror† asserts that in it the woman has â€Å"drowned a young girl†, and â€Å"an old woman/ Rises†, to devour the ageing woman â€Å"like a terrible fish. † This simile provides a grotesque image of old age. The use of the mirror in the poem is in fact an extended metaphor with the mirror possessing the power to reflect image. The poem endorses the importance of image that rectifies the truth about oneself as it best sees fit. Unlike â€Å"The Trials of Oz,† The Mirror is not written in a comical and light- hearted tone. It is written in an objective tone of voice as Plath takes on the persona of a mirror to seriously describe its value to the woman. Both texts are however, are relatively unprejudiced in their representations of the ‘truth’. The reflective essay Southpaw by Ken Willis, portrays a representation by a â€Å"side-lined† left- hander that left handed people are discriminated against by contemporary society. The persona sees himself as â€Å"discriminated against† because he is a â€Å"southpaw†. The essay is light- hearted and satirical, but nonetheless the â€Å"left- handers are forced to live in a world designed for right- handers. † A series of humorous anecdotes are included to portray the disadvantages faced by the left- handed â€Å"subordinate group. † The accepted values and attitudes of the right- handed society include the acceptance of the downgrading of the â€Å"subordinate group†, as common phrases used in everyday speech are coined with an underlying prejudice against the left side. Colloquial phrases among Australians such as â€Å"she’ll be right† are used as examples within this reflective essay to support the notion that left- handers are discriminated against by the â€Å"Right handers, as members of the dominant group. † In this phrase however, the literal meaning of the word ‘right’ is to be correct, not the right side as Willis has understood it. This shows that the absolute truth in the Australian phrase has been distorted to reveal Willis’ representation of the ‘truth’. The literal meanings of the word ‘right’ in Latin and French, is however included to reiterate Willis’ perspective that right- handers are able to enjoy the sub- conscious discrimination of left- handers. The word ‘right’ means â€Å"endowed with dexterity† in Latin, and â€Å"adroit and experts in the use of hand and mind† in French. Willis takes his case of accusing society of discriminating against left- handers by bringing in Christian religious connotations. He describes right- handers as â€Å"sit(ting) at the right hand of God† whilst exclaiming that â€Å"those who sit on the left are ‘cursed into the eternal fire. ’† These expressions are once again taken out of the context in which they are used, and are exploited by Willis to aid in his representation of the ‘truth’. The biased qualities seen in this reflective essay is not unlike â€Å"Michael X on Death Row† as both Robertson and Willis attempt to distort the absolute truth into evidence to support their own representations of the ‘truth’. The tone of voice however differs greatly as Southpaw is written in a more comical manor than the serious tone of â€Å"Michael X on Death Row. † Through the study of the above named texts, different representations of the ‘truth’ can be identified with depending on the influence of certain values and attitudes possessed by the participants involved with the text. It is shown that the absolute truth, in terms of information that is accurately placed in accordance with fact or reality, can be manipulated and twisted by the composer in order to portray their representation of the ‘truth’. A certain enlightenment is provided in dealing with prejudiced and biased material, as persuasive techniques employed by the composers are also revealed. As a Civil Libertarian, Robertson passionately believes that the Law can humble the most powerful: governments and wealthy private litigants such as the Princess of Wales. The law permits justice, meaning the side with the best case, to be gained through equal opportunity. Robertson presents his representation of the ‘truth’ about what he elaborately coins â€Å"The Justice Game†.

Hope for Ramatoulaye in So Long Letter by Mariama Ba - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 632 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Tags: Letter Essay Novel Essay Did you like this example? According to Ba, Mariama (7), the main character for Mariama Bas So Long Letter is Ramatoulaye. From the text, we learn that Ramatoulaye has written a letter to Assiatou who is her best friend expressing herself and how she plans to carry out her new life after acing all she went through. All the situations encountered by Ramatoulaye are spoken about and described in the letter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hope for Ramatoulaye in So Long Letter by Mariama Ba" essay for you Create order We therefore get to know the right portray of Ramatoulaye. For instance, she makes a transition from her careless dependence on anyones love and trust to becoming a purely an independent lady and cares about her needs in a better way to an extent of becoming other peoples skeptical. Ramatoulayes change is expressed right from the time of meeting her future husband till the death time. Ramatoulayes uniqueness is that she believed in love too much. For instance, even when she meets her second husband, she loves him with all her heart. Her soul expresses that there exists only one soul mate at her time of love. However, Ramatoulaye later come to discover that it is not always true about what she thinks in her heart especially when she faces reality in her life. For example, Ramatoulaye states, Modou Fall knew many undefinable things which gorofied and sealed our relationship (Ba 13). Ramatoulaye changes her way of dung things and treats the all those who come to mourn the death of her husband well without considering discomforts from her culture and religious laws. Ramatoulaye meets all of them and had courage to operate within them. This marks the first glimpses specific renewal of courage and stoicism. Furthermore, she doesnt have any ill of Binetou who is known to have had a lovely affair with her husband or over five years. Similarly, Ramatoulaye is ready to participate in modernization of Senegal at her later ages in her effort to progress Senegal to a higher operational level. She calls for eternal debate she believes a solution will be found because she understands that she cannot offer solution her herself. Also, Ramatoulaye finds more fulfillments in Aissatou where they remain in their profession and friendship. They continue in maintaining theirsacred convention joined duties as wives without any clashes as it was common when their husband Modou was living. Furthermore, Ramatoulaye is too concerned about taking care of her children, Aissatou and Mawdo in her effort to make them greater people. She later succeeds because later Aissatou leaves her married, goes back to taking education till he acquires a degree in interpretation which enables him secure a job at the embassy of Senegal in America. Ramatoulaye also continues to advise Mawdo to focus on her life than continuing to get children with Nabou despite the misery experienced between them. Similarly, Aunty Nabou and Ramatoulayes guardianship enables young Nabou to get a French school enrolment Preston, Oliver.So Long a Letter Chapter 13. Specifically, Ramatoulaye is now too enlightened that she sees education as the only thing to for better future. She makes emphasis to Binetou to follow the steps Aissau followed to become successful when she left Mawdo. Ramatoulaye speaks with all the understanding of how Senegal society makes it difficult for one to succeed especially for women to maintain both professional life and home as well. Lastly, Ramatoulaye hates those who uphold the cultural practices such as when Binetou submits to the demands of her family to be married according to the cultural custom. Therefore, Ramatoulaye positively changes her life great by a greater positive margin. Works cited Preston, Oliver. So Long a Letter Plot Summary. LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 30 Nov 2016. Web. 7 Dec 2017. Preston, Oliver. So Long a Letter Chapter 13. LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 30 Nov 2016. Web. 7 Dec 2017. Ba, Mariama.? So long a letter. Waveland Press, 2012. Ba, Mariama. So Long a Letter, trans. Modupe Bode-Thomas. (1981).

Disgrace by J.M Coetzee - 1222 Words

Disgrace as a novel explores colonialism and its aftermath by approaching various issues and themes, and some major ones are of body politics and the differences in experiences of the ‘post-colonizer’ and ‘post-colonized’. In this paper I will be looking at prospective analogies; the female body being a territory for colonial and post-colonial conquest and also the protagonist Lurie himself being symbolic of the colonial enterprise whose power exists in residual. Beginning with the issue of body, there are two major characters who despite being constructed differently in different spaces experience patriarchal and colonial power equations. Melanie is introduced to us in the first half of the text through the gaze of Lurie. She is described as both exotic and striking. His pursuit is more than just a sexual endeavor, the powerlessness and loss of control over women had left him in an â€Å"anxious flurry of promiscuity† (Coetzee, Disgrace 19). She is rather easily coaxed into an intercourse and â€Å"since David’s voice controls the narrative, his interpretation of Melanie’s behavior should be suspect.† (Giles 13) It is here when the parallel between gender relations and relationship between the colonizers and colonized can be observed. Just as incidents were documented by the narratives of colonizers, voice of the natives were either presented as complacent or mute. David’s opinion of women in the earlier pa rts of the novel (some places later as well) is as objectifying andShow MoreRelatedDisgrace, by J.M Coetzee Essay951 Words   |  4 Pages Disgrace was written in 1999 by author J.M Coetzee. Born in South Africa in 1940, Coetzee grew up during apartheid, something that has tinged his writing to a great extent (Nobelprize.org). Disgrace is set in a post-apartheid Cape Town where the protagonist David Lurie is forced to terminate his job after Melanie, a student, files a sexual abuse claim against him. In this essay I will explore how David Luries own view on masculinity is affected by his idolization of Lord Byron, and how this allowsRead MoreDisgrace by J.M Coetzee1300 Words   |  5 PagesJ. M. Coetzee, was born in Cape Town on the 9th of February 1940. Coetzee begun his tertiary education at the University of Cape Town receiving his honours in English and mathematics. He went further to receive his PhD in English, linguistics and Gemanic languages at the University of Texas. In 2002, Coetzee emigrated from South Africa to Adelaide, Australia. J. M. Coetzee is well known for being an active member of fighting for, hum an rights, animal rights and gender equality. J M Coetzee’s novelRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Disgrace By J.m Coetzee968 Words   |  4 PagesJ.M Coetzee is a distinguished author who has written over sixteen novels and has even won a nobel prize for his inspiring work. Coetzee is best known for his controversial novel Disgrace. A story that captivates its readers and keeps them on their toes. The setting takes place in South Africa during the post apartheid era. A time where people were divided into races and whites held power over the minority. The protagonist David Lurie is a college professor who lives a promiscuous double life. SleepsRead MoreDisgrace By J. M. Book Review1049 Words   |  5 PagesPaula Urresta Professor: Joselle Louis LaGuerre ENC1102 September 29, 2015 The novel Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee presents two rapes– the rape of Lucy by three unidentified men and David’s rape of Melanie, his college student. These rapes are both unresolved. Coetzee writes about these two rapes to demonstrate the ways in which men dominate and control women in the South African society. It is deeply saddening that the rapes that occurred in the book are both left unresolved. Although, they both endRead MoreThe Theme Of David Luries Disgrace1015 Words   |  5 Pagesstrikes as a mysterious, soft-spoken woman with a mind that can tear a man apart. David Lurie, Melanie’s professor falls for her mystery and in fact, becomes borderline obsessed with his desire for her. In the book Disgrace, Melanie’s complex character not only drives the overall theme of disgrace forward, but exemplifies how feelings of shame can be hidden and indirectly affect others. Melanie Issacs is a blooming petite, soft spoken, and beautiful free-spirited woman under David Lurie’s tutelage at CapeRead MoreAnalysis Of J. M Coetzees Disgrace1053 Words   |  5 Pages The novel by J.M Coetzee, Disgrace, outlines the shame placed upon a white, middle-class professor who is frowned upon for his sexual activity with a student and in turn, emphasizes a foul image of white men in post-apartheid South Africa.   The topic that has been chosen to  discuss, is one that addresses the protagonist s, David Lurie, understanding of the nature of the conflict to be resolved and the hurdles to be  overcome.  Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Overall, this paper will allow the reader to visualize the  way in  whichRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Disgrace1334 Words   |  6 Pages Disgrace, a novel by J.M. Coetzee, portrays how disgrace is always there, yet evolves over time. The disgraces portrayed in the book range from personal shame, as is the case with Lucy and Melanie, to public regret, as shown through the board members, robbers, Petrus, and animals. Despite the many disgraces mentioned in the novel, Coetzee’s overall underlying focus for the story is to show how David comes to terms with his disgrace. From the first page it is clear David is our protagonist as theRead MoreThe Role Of Animals In Disgrace By J. M Coetzee1344 Words   |  6 Pagesman as a species† (Berger 4). In the novel â€Å"Disgrace† by J.M Coetzee, animals, especially dogs play not only the common role as a companion but also as a fundamental key in our protagonist’s behavioral change. Dogs were the creatures able to fill at least a portion of the lonely heart of our main character, David Lurie. They were significant characters throughout the entire plot of Coetzee’s novel where they assumed different roles. JM Coetzee’s Disgrace portrays dogs as more than just another animalRead More Disgrace: Parent-Child Relationships Essay2831 Words   |  12 PagesFamily is often a common theme that is shared across many of J.M Coetzee novels. Family members are usually distant to each other or the relationships between parents and children do not succeed in a conventional way. When Coetzee allows for members to engage in relationships with one another they are either â€Å"strained† or tainted by â€Å"violence† (Splendore 148). This is especially true in his novel Disgrace. In Disgrace David Lurie, an English professor, is arguably forced to resign from his positionRead More`` Disgrace Byj.m Coetzee `` : Sexuality And Gender Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality and Gender People around the world tend to say that this is a man’s world, and in the novel Disgrace by J.M Coetzee, the author demonstrates how men are more â€Å"powerful† than woman through the way the characters use women for sex and the experience each women in the novel goes through. The three main female characters that demonstrate the different experience of women and sex are; Melanie, Lucy, and Bev. Melanie is a young, ex-student of Professor Lurie, who is beautiful enough to seduce