A Case Study of Nabil Bank

CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Concept of Banking The term â€Å"Bank† is derived from the latin word â€Å"bancus†, Italian word â€Å"banca†, French word â€Å"banque† which means bench used by medieval money exchanges and German word â€Å"bank† which means joint stock company. According to oxford dictionary bank means â€Å"an establishment for keeping money and valuable safety of the money being paid out on the customer order by means of cheque.Historically, banks have been recognized for the great range of financial services they offer from checking accounts of saving plans to loan for businesses consumers and governments. Hence, bank can be identified by the function they perform in the economy. Bank is a financial institution which deals with money. Banks collect the money from the surplus unit (savers) and lend to deficit units (users). Bank raises the funds by accepting deposits, borrowing funds and issuing equity.These funds are used by th e banks to buy securities and to make loans. Since, it accepts deposits and grants loan, it is regarded as the trader of money. Banks can be divided int three types on the basis of their functions and services ie. Central bank, Commercial bank and Development bank. Commercial bank offer services to individuals, hey are primarily concerned with receiving deposits and lending to businesses. Commercial bank is also known as the financial service needs in the economy. 1. Introduction of Nabil Investment Banking Nabil Bank Limited, the first foreign joint venture bank of Nepal, started operations in July 1984. It has paid up capital of NRs200 million. Nabil was incorporated with the objective of extending international standard modern banking services to various sectors of the society. Pursuing its objective, Nabil provides a full range of commercial banking services through its 47 points of representation across the kingdom and over 170 reputed correspondent banks across the globe.Nabil Bank Limited with its mission to be the 1st Choice Provider of Complete Financial Solutions ventured into capital market related activities and incepted its fully owned subsidiary – â€Å"Nabil Investment Banking Ltd. (Nabil Invest)† which renders investment banking related services to the masses. Thus, Nabil Invest targets to establish itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an Investment Banker with strong professional expertise in long run introducing innovative products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations. . 2. 1 Services of Nabil Investment Banking Nabil Invest renders its institutional and retail clients wide range of services some of which are delivered currently while others will be delivered in due course with required exploration & innovation and due approval received from the Regulators as and when required, detailed as under; 1.Management of Public Offers/Further Public Offers Nabil Invest renders both its institutional and retail client services of managing public offer of shares/ debentures/right issuance of securities to existing shareholders/further public offer of securities etc to its clientele and has team of professional expertise to render quality services at competitive rates. . Underwriting Nabil invest on selective basis post independent appraisal of proposals reviewed through its professional team is rendering underwriting related services to its clientele as SEBON has made it mandatory for all institutions going public to underwrite at least fifty percent of the securities on offer prior public issue. 3. Portfolio ManagementThe Clients can delegate all their investment management related decisions to a pool of corporate finance experts of Nabil Invest who inturn will use the vast pool of industry specific data collected and analyzed by its research unit for making investments for clients portfolio which focuses primarily on safety of principal investment along with maximization of returns to Clients. 4. Registrar to Securities (RTS)Nabil Invest renders Registrar to Securities (RTS) related services to the valued shareholders of its institutional client and in the process keep on improving quality & timely delivery of services, the major hitch in this nature of services by competing institutions. 5. Loan Syndication Nabil Invest will use its existing relationship with other Banks/Financial Institutions to acquire required financial support for the financial closure of certain projects which it identifies as feasible and recommends for investment.The financial closure will be reached with either one institution or a syndicate of Banks/Financial Institutions depending on the size of projects and the requirement to diversify the risks to various portfolios from the part of member Banks/Financial Institutions. 6. Other Services Besides the services identified, Nabil Invest will always keep on e xploring innovative products and services that matches regional and global standards and target to launch the same in customization with the local market with due approval taken from the Regulators, if & when required.Thus, Nabil Invest intends to cater wide clientele rendering Investment Banking related services setting example and obtaining first mover advantage in the capital market of the country. 1. 3 Objectives of the fieldwork The objectives of the fieldwork are as follows:- ?To identify capital structure of Nabil Invest ?To analyze financial position and performance of Nabil Invest ? To evaluate portfolio of Nabil Invest 1. 4 Methods of Data collection Data collection is the process of collection of data and information through different sources or methods. To prepare this fieldwork report, the following method has been used:- Secondary Method:-The data , which is not orginally collected but obtained from published and unpublished sources, are called secondary data. These da ta are not original in character. The sources helping as secondary data for this field work reports are the annual reports of Nabil Bank, websites of nabil bank and nabil investment, books etc. CHAPTER-II DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 2. 1 Capital Structure of Nabil Invest Table 2. 1: Capital Structure |Proposed|Effective| |NRs(000)|%|NRs(000)|%| Nabil Bank|78000|52|78000|74. 29| CG Finco P. Ltd|27000|18|27000|25. 71| General Public|45000|30|-|-| Total|150000|100|105000|100|Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank From the above table, it is shown the proposed and effective capital structure of Nabil invest. Nabil Invest proposed 52% capital of Nabil Bank, 18% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% capital of General Public. However, Nabil Invest's effective capital structure is 74. 29% by Nabil Bank and 25. 71% by CG Finco P. Ltd. It can be shown graphically as follows:- Fig 2. 1:- A Pie chart of Proposed Capital Structure of Nabil Invest Fig 2. 2:- A Pie chart of Effective Capital Struct ure of Nabil Invest 2. 2 Financial position and performance of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 1 Balance sheet of Nabil InvestTable 2. 2: NRs(000) Capital & Liabilities|2010/11|2009/10| Share Capital|105000|70000| Reserves and Surplus|7457|-529| Accounts Payable|7218|2628| Provision for Staff Bonus|1065|-| Deferred Tax Liability|60|-| Other Liabilities and Provisions|694|17| Total|121494|72117| Assets|2010/11|2009/10| Balance with banks|26337|70000| Investments|83400|-| Advance tax (net of income tax liabilities)|4453|-| Fixed assets (net of depreciation)|6169|1941| Deferred tax assets|-|176| Other assets|1135|-| Total|121494|72117| In the above, the balance sheet size grew by around 68% mainly due to rise in paid up capital.Paid-up capital which got increased by NRs. 35million was contributed by CG Finco P. Ltd. NRs. 27 million and Nabil Bank NRs. 8 million. In addition, net profit earned during the year also contributed to increment. Net worth of the Company surpassed paid-up capital after it registered profit. It can be graphically presented as below:- Fig:- A Bar Diagram of Assets And Share Capital of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 2 Income Statement of Nabil Invest Table 2. 3:NRs (000) Particulars|2010/11|2009/10| IPO Fees|305|-| Interest Income|12979|-| Management Services|6196|-| Gross Income|19480|-| Personnel Expenses|1574|222|General Operating Expenses|4927|482| Depreciation charge|1267|-| Gross expenses|7768|705| Operating Profit|11712|-705| Staff Bonus|1065|-| Profit before Tax|10647|-705| Tax Expense|2662|-176| Profit after Tax|7985|-529| Opening Retained Earning|-529|-| Closing Retained Earning|7457|-529| Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank A significant volume of the profit was contributed by interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the proceeds realized in the form of sharing of interest income with BFIs / Other Institutions whose public offers are being managed by NI in the capacity of Issue Manager.In addition, the Company also managed to earn returns by rendering specialized management services to the Bank. It is graphically Presented as :- Fig:- A bar diagram of profit of Nabil Invest 2. 3 Portfolios of Nabil Invest Table2. 4: (in million) Particulars|2010/11|2009/10| 1. Nepal Government Treasury Bills|6489|5896| 2. Nepal Government Saving Bonds|-|-| 3. Nepal Government other securities|2255|2077| 4. Nepal Rastra Bank Bonds|-|-| 5. Foreign Bonds|178|187| 6. Local Licensed Institutions|305|-| 7. Foreign Banks|3661|5391| 8. Organized Institutions' Shares|192|159| 9.Organized Institutions' Bonds andDebentures|-|-| 10. Other Investments||| 10. 1 NCM Mutual fund|1. 2|1. 2| 10. 2 Swift Investment|1. 6|1. 5| Total Investment|13082. 8|13712. 7| Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank The above table shows the portfolios of Nabil Invest in different securities and bonds. Here the two years fiscal years investment portfolios are provided. In the given table the highest amount of investment was done in Government Tre asury Bills. It can be identify that Nabil Invest is targeted towards the Government T- bills and securities. It can be due to no default risk and it is a risk free asset.I has also a high rate of investment in foreign banks. The lowest amount of investment of Nabil Invest is in mutual fund and Swift Investment. The above table is presented in a graph as below:- Fig:- A bar diagram of Portfolios of Nabil Invest 2. 4 Study Result After thoroughly analyzing, it is analyzed that Nabil bank has been operating as the subsidiary bank for Investments ie. Nabil Investment Banking. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest) is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. From the analysis of data, it the capital structure of Nabil Invest has been identified.The proposed capital structure of Nabil Invest is 52% by Nabil bank, 18% by CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% by the General Public. But it is in effect that 74. 29% of capital is owned by Nabil bank and 25. 71% capital is owned by CG Finco P. Ltd. From this it can In F/Y 2009/10, the profit after tax is negative NRs 529,000 whereas in F/Y 2010/11, the profit after tax is NRs 7,985,000. This shows the increasing trend of profit of Nabil Invest. The high volume of the profit was contributed by the interest income. The portfolios of investment shows the different areas of investment by Nabil Invest.The highest amount of investment of Nabil Invest was Government Treasury bills for fiscal year 2009/10 and 2010/11 ie. NRs 5896 million NRs 6489 million respectively. It has also invested in Government Bonds, Securities and other Investments. CHAPTER-III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3. 1 Summary NABIL Bank stands as the Bank of 1st Choice in the industry considering its network, a number of branches, a large capital base, diverse customized services and products, a chain of ATMs service points covering a wide regional / local spectrum. NABIL stands ahead in everything it does.The strategic purpose of Nabil is t o create values and economic opportunities across all the economic zones of the country and architecting products and services to that end. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest), a subsidiary of Nabil bank Ltd is rendering the investment banking related services to the masses. Thus, Nabil Invest targets to establish itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an Investment Banker with strong professional expertise in long run introducing innovative products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations.From the analysis, Nabil Invest has 74. 29% capital of Nabil Bank and 25. 71% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd. However, the proposed capital structure of NI is 52% of Nabil Bank, 18% of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% of General Public. The income statement of Nabil Invest shows increasing trend of profit in each fiscal year ie. NRs 7985000 in F/Y 2010/11 and negative NRs 529000 in F/Y 2009/10. In fis cal year 2010/11 the profit was contributed by the interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the proceeds realized in the form of sharing of interest income.The balance sheet of Nabil Invest shows the increase in amount of share capital of Nabil Invest as well as increased in fixed assets and other assets. From Investments Portfolios of Nabil Invest, it is recognized that highest amount of investment has been made for the Government Treasury Bills in each fiscal year. The lowest amount of investment has been made for other investments like NCM Mutual Fund and Swift Investment. 3. 2 Conclusion From the above study, it is clear that for the purpose -†To be the first Choice Provider of Complete Financial Solutions† Nabil bank has created a subsidiary ie.Nabil Investment Banking Ltd. (Nabil Invest). Nabil Investment over the period will be managing public issues, underwriting of securities, management of client's portfolio & rendering th e services of the registrar to securities to client institutions. In addition, the unit will also be delivering Bond/Debenture Trusteeship services, work as Assets Management Company of the mutual fund promoted by Nabil, provide investment advisory services etc.Further, the Unit will keep on exploring and introducing innovative instruments in the Nepalese capital market. It is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. Thus, the ultimate goal of Nabil Invest would be to stabilize the unit as just not a Merchant Banker but as an Investment Banker providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. This would differentiate itself from its competitors and create a niche of itself in the market.

Naturalism in The Open Boat

Life has got different connotation for everyone. It’s a constant learning process throughout our lives. Shades of happiness, agony, pain, frustration are all part and parcel of life and one subtle message that life tends to give us is that nothing can be achieved without thriving for it or making an all out effort to achieve it. Destiny favours the brave and blaming everything as pre-destined is an act of the coward. Those who get this lesson early in life never get annoyed with the mix of emotions that life has to offer and eventually succeed and those who blame the forces for all their ills gradually but eventually perish. Everyone is equally prejudiced and treated as favourite by nature. In his short story, â€Å"The Open Boat,† based on an original account by the author Stephen Crane tries to show and give us the same message: a Universe totally detached with the dealings of human race, it is in these conditions that Man has to make struggle to survive. The protagonists in the story learn this fact by facing this apathy of the sea towards them and are almost overwhelmed by the nature’s lack of concern for them. They win the battle of survival only by fighting bravely against all the odds, patience and mutual cooperation. The story begins with four men, addressed as the captain, the correspondent, the oiler and the cook, stranded in the ocean in a small boat or dinghy. The author at the start of the story displays the hostility of the man and the sea and nature's indifference for the tragedy they were in: â€Å"The birds sat comfortably in groups, and they were envied by some in the dinghy, for the wrath of the sea was no more to them than it was to a covey of prairie chickens a thousand miles inland.† The men are in an anxious state and are constantly fighting a losing battle against the fury of the sea, but the nature shows no pity on them and continues in its wayward ways not taking in to account the consequences they have to face. The Sun continues to rise and set everyday but the sailors are aware of that by the changing color of waves due to the rising and setting sun. The shore is â€Å"lonely and indifferent.† They are even confronted by a wild shark, who finally decides that these men are of no use to her. The men, though, are least aware about whats happening around them fighting the ghosts within but still somehow in the centre of all the action. The current state that they are in makes them more and more pessimist and a feeling sinks in that the whole Universe is hostile to them: â€Å"The waves were nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats.† At this point though they fail to appreciate that it is a natural phenomenon and they are just unlucky to be in the wrong place at wrong time, and not certainly any specific act of aggression by nature against Men. At this point in the story there is a bit of irony in their thought process, while fighting the wild rage of the sea conflicting thoughts have engulfed them, a moment of despair and a moment of hope against hope. They think that some external force is controlling their destinies: â€Å"If I am going to be drowned–if I am going to be drowned–if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?†¦ If this old ninny-woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the managemant of men's fortunes.† After a while after through all the futile struggle that there is nothing called fate and no reason for their being where they are. The moment this feeling sinks in their conscious as well as sub conscious the men are reduced to mere mortals: â€Å"When it occurs to a man that nature does not regard him as important, he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply the fact that there are no bricks and no temples.†   They realize at this point in the story that theirs is a hopeless situation. To take courage from the captain one of the crew members asks him whether he thinks that they will be able to make it, to that, the captain answers â€Å"If this wind holds and the boat don't swamp, we can't do much else.† Situations like these, in real terms show the frustrations and feeling of despair a man feels when faced with condition out of his control. In times like these man realize that he is a mere puppet and a very small player and he can’t do much than to play his small role in this very big theatre of life. What can Man do when faced with a Universe that has got no compassion for him? How to survive alone against a indifferent nature? As the story unfolds the characters come to a realization that their only source of hope is by looking inwards and showing equal sympathy and concern for other human beings. The correspondent who in fact was the author himself starts getting a feeling of oneness and camaraderie towards the other crew, demolishing all his previous learning in life of being cynical of men. The author tells us that this was the best experience of the correspondent’s life. A sweeping change comes over all the men when they realize that all they have is each other. The correspondent recalls a childhood verse and feels sympathy for a dying soldier, one who does not even exist: â€Å"The correspondent, plying the oars and dreaming of the slow and slower movements of the lips of the soldier, was moved by a profound and perfectly impersonal comprehension. He was sorry for the soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers.† His current experience has imparted a lesson to the correspondent that he can relate to the agony of the dying soldier. He now fully gets the grasp of what it is to be human: those constant efforts against a certain defeat, and the need for others that nobody can deny. Stephen Crane's â€Å"The Open Boat† is a classic that gives us inkling in to the complex human mind by imparting a simple lesson of oneness and humanity and the never dying human spirit against all the odds. He wants to say that though whatever happens but still we have others to comfort and support us if leave aside our false egos and rely on them truly.

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(Love) Ethical Issues in Healthcare - Essay Example Group morality on the other hand is the contrast values of right and wrong that are stipulated by each group according to the group dynamics and its organizational culture. The moral exemplary leader of all times is the late Mother Teresa. She was a moral leader because she stood for what was right according to not only the culture but also according to the bible. She made many people develop their own personal morality by just following her moral standings and judgment. Deontology is the morality theory that states that an individual follows his or her own personal morality when it comes to making ethical decisions. On the other hand, utilitarianism states that an individual’s ethical decision depends on whether the decision will benefit many people or not (Hinman 2007). An example of deontology is when a friend steals medicine from the hospital’s pharmacy and you have to decide whether to report the friend or assume the theft. In this situation, your personal morality is the one you will base your decision

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Walt Disney World.Demand For Euro Disney - Essay Example Unfortunately, there are no pictures here of the parks' buildings or landscape due to the fact that the Walt Disney Company has copyrighted many of the buildings and structures, so that even a tourist guide like The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World (Sehlinger, 1994) contains no photographs. In his discussion of the Disney parks, Sorkin turns these restrictions into parody by printing a photograph of the sky above Disney World to which the following inscription is added: This is the sky above Disney World, which here substitutes for an image of the place itself. Disney World is the first copyrighted urban environment in history, a Forbidden City for postmodernity. Renowned for its litigiousness, the Walt Disney Company will permit no photograph of its property without prior approval of its use. Is there a better illustration of the contraction of the space of freedom represented by places like Disney World than the innocent sky (Sorkin, 1992:207) All the Disney theme parks are united by a common approach which distinguishes them from conventional amusement parks. The share prospectus for Euro Disneyland provides a good account of their thinking and this forms a useful backcloth to the discussion that follows: Rather than presenting a random collection of roller coasters, merry-go-rounds and Ferris wheels in a carnival atmosphere, these parks are divided into distinct areas called 'lands' in which a selected theme (such as exotic adventures, childhood fairy tales or the frontier life of the nineteenth century American West) is presented through architecture, landscaping, costuming, music, live entertainment, attractions, merchandise and food and beverage. Within a particular land, intrusions and distractions from the theme are minimized so that the visitor becomes immersed in its atmosphere.... Restaurants and retail stores at Disney theme parks are designed to entertain guests and support the theme. Disneyland Disneyland is situated outside Anaheim, a town to the south of Los Angeles. It is built on a 160-acre orange grove which Walt bought following a feasibility study by the Stanford Research Institute which had been hired to find a suitable site. It is said that Walt's original notion was for a small playground across the road from the studio, but as the vision grew this idea was eliminated. Schickel (1986) notes that Walt sent some of his staff to examine ideas which could be seen at existing amusement parks and to find manufacturers. Apparently, these informants felt that his idea of having a park without a roller coaster or a Ferris wheel or barkers was absurd. Nor were they impressed with his notions of not having outdoor hot dog stands or the sale of beer (he disliked the smells they created). But the exclusion of these symbols of the amusement fair may have been a deliberate strategy of product differentiation, whereby he could establish the distinctiveness of his enterprise and i ts market niche. Roller coasters were added in later years as visitors made it clear that they wanted more exciting fare, but the heavy theming of these rides disassociates them from traditional roller coaster rides. Disneyland opened on 17 July 1955 at a cost of $17 million. One problem with describing a park which has been in existence for 40 years is that it has changed greatly over the intervening period. Many of these changes are summarized in Bright (1987). When it opened there were 26

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example Apart from the tangible benefits in terms of financial loss, the firm also faced huge crisis in terms of losing intangible losses such as that of skills and experiences. Along with these losses, the firm also faced problem that was in the form of diversion of attention from better opportunities for avoiding risk. The decision of selling out the unprofitable business units was generated as renovating plans for the 21st century. Fundamentally, four aims were set for this era that included the following: (a) reduction of operational holdings that failed to either achieve the short-term goals or are not fit for the firms long-term sustainable strategy and a targeted profit of 600 to 700 million Dollars was anticipated from their sales; (b) reinvestment of the accumulated profits from these sales to profitable business areas of the firm; (c) improvement of equity return from these reinvesting strategies in the long run; and (d) strengthening of the firm’s financial position in term s of reviewing balance sheet and position of credit. The firm followed the benchmarking technique with the help of BCG matrix utilization and derived that the structure of the firm would be designed as such that it would be comprising of mainly four business units: financial services, energy, packaging and forest products. Following the designed strategies, the firm insisted on selling the unprofitable business units but in this case also the firm faced the same problem of being unable to achieve strategic targets. It failed to generate the targeted 700 million Dollars sales from those units and achieved a figure which was around 250 million Dollars lesser than that was targeted. Prior to providing recommendation based on the analysis of the current situation of the firm in the form of a strategic plan of five years, it is essential to present a brief outlook of each of the positions of business units or the exact situation that the firm at present is facing. Lockwood Group’s financial services unit is believed to be strongly positioned within the industry. It is due to the efficiency of the management that this business unit has become able to enhance their targeted segment of the market and also have become successful in avoiding any grave situation of cut throat competition with huge and potent competitors. Avoidance of competitors was essential for the business units holding a brand new position within the industry. With regard to the business position of energy, the firm is in a strong position in spite of being an initial operator within the industry but taking into account the firm’s abilities in production and exploration of energy, its position is not that strong. The unit of production and exploration is believed to be at a risky position as the firm does not hold strong position of investing huge amounts of money in exploration activities and also are reluctant in taking risk through exploring in adverse situations. In the packaging se gment of the firm’s business, it is holding an uncertain position as in order to become successful in this segment, the firm would have to remain updated along with the

A Comparison of the Passion Narratives of the Gospels of Matthew and Essay

A Comparison of the Passion Narratives of the Gospels of Matthew and John - Essay Example The paper throws light on the Passion of Jesus, which refers to the sufferings that the Lord has experienced from the moment He is arrested at Gethsemane to His Death on the cross, is told in all four Gospels. In the Gospel of Matthew, it can be found in Matthew 26:47-27:61 and in the Gospel of John it is found in John 18:1-19:42. These two Gospels both have similarities and differences on the account of the Passion. Furthermore, a number of these similarities and differences may have profound theological implications. One of the differences between the Gospels is when it comes to the arrest of Jesus where Matthew gives a longer account of the events while John gives a shorter one and does not mention any kiss of betrayal from Judas. In all three synoptic Gospels including Matthew, Judas turns to the crowd he is with and gives them a signal saying â€Å"The man I kiss is the one you want. Arrest him!†. Judas then approaches Jesus and says, â€Å"Peace be with you, Teacher!â⠂¬  but to which Jesus replies, â€Å"Be quick about it, friend†. John, on the other hand, never mentions any exchange of words between Jesus and Judas, who was mentioned to be just standing with the crowd, but rather only between the former and the crowd of soldiers themselves. Jesus asks them, â€Å"Who is it you are looking for?† and when they say â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth†, Jesus replies, â€Å"If, then, you are looking for me, let these others go†. The role of Judas in the Gospel of John during the arrest is not underlined and is presumably a minor one. Upon the arrest of Jesus, a disciple of His cuts off the ear of the High Priest’s slave with a sword. While in Matthew the disciple and the slave are both unnamed, John identifies them as Simon Peter and Malchus. It is also interesting to note that in the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus reprimands the disciple who is assumed to be Peter, by saying, â€Å"Put your sword back in its place†¦All who take the sword will die by the sword.† (Matt. 26:52) On the trial of Jesus, the Gospel of John mentions that Jesus has first been taken to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiaphas, who was the High Priest that year (Jn. 18:13). Nevertheless, the Gospel of Matthew mentions of no such thing. Although John does not indicate whether the trial of Jesus before Annas is visible to the crowd, the complete account is found in John 18:19-24. Based on John’s narration of the trial, it is interesting to note that Jesus seems to defy Annas’ authority by saying, â€Å"†I have always spoken publicly to everyone†¦Why, then do you question me? Question the people who heard me†¦they know what I said† (Jn. 18:20-21). After which, Jesus is taken to Caiaphas, which both John and Matthew mentions. Nevertheless, it is Matthew who gives a rather full account of Jesus’ trial before Caiaphas. Perhaps one of the most important statements of Jesus stated by Matthew is this: â€Å"From this time on you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right side of the Almighty and coming on the clouds of heaven† (Matt. 26:64), which Caiaphas himself considers blasphemous. During the death sentence of Jesus that follows, it is interesting to note that, according to Matthew, Pilate’s wife sends him a message while he is sitting in the judgment hall right after Jesus’ trial. The message of Pilate’s wife says, â€Å"Have nothing to do with that innocent man, because in a dream last night I suffered much on account of Him† (Matt. 27:19). Nevertheless, John does not mention of such a message. Moreover, while Matthew mentions nothing of where Jesus has been presented during the death sentence, John makes reference to â€Å"The Stone Pavement† or â€Å"Gabbatha.† (Jn. 19:13) Another striking difference between the Gospels of Matthew and John when it comes to the events surrounding the crucifixion is the fact that John

RAK properties company financial analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RAK properties company financial analysis - Essay Example RAK Properties will also maximize shareholders’ value through its development projects in the coastal and inland areas of Ras Al Khaimah. RAK Properties has a sound capital of AED 2 billion. The Initial Public Offering (IPO) of RAK Properties in early 2005 was over-subscribed by almost 57 times. RAK Properties is a company which was listed in the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange from 2005 onwards. Just like many of the property companies, the company also has faced a difficult time due to the past recession. However, the markets are turning around with UAE growth resuming and it is very much likely that the company also is in the process of bouncing back with the recovery of the markets. The company was almost bankrupt during the recession period and now is gradually emerging out of the recession and working towards developing properties aggressively. Comparing with the high ranked competitors in the region, the company is more of a smaller player in the market. However, the company h as the opportunity to build a totally new portfolio and compete effectively with the other very large holder of the property and continue to offer high value products in the market. RAK, unlike many other high end large scale companies is thriving to strike a balance between offering high end product portfolios and maintaining medium end offerings as well. Thus, the company actually has a better mix of products on offer. Abu Dhabi real estate markets are growing very fast. Currently, there are 193,000 residential units in place and this is likely to increase to 246,000 units by 2013 according to estimates by Estatesdubai (2011). This indicates that the residential properties are expected to grow fast. Most of the residential properties were purchased by Indians at a cost of AED 3.3billion for 2010. This indicates that the confidence in the property markets is increasing and as a result of the total exercise, it is very much likely that the property companies will face increased dema nd over 2012 - 2015 periods. On the Abu Dhabi growth front, office space has grown by 55,000 square meters just in Q3-2011 reaching a total office space of 2.4 million square meters and this indicates the fact that the business growth is also faster in the region. This is likely to result in sustainable growth in the property market in the future. Thus, the company is one placed in a growth oriented industry and it is likely that they need to place themselves appropriately in the market for growth. While the company holds smaller properties compared with the competitors, the company will be able to expand portfolio with the current investments and will be able to aggressively grow in the markets. 2.0 Financial Analysis When analyzing the financial statements, there are few key observations that are noteworthy. Just like many of the companies who went through troubled times during the economic recession, the company also had faced difficult times and thus, they do not have revenue nu mbers for 2009 financial year due to the temporary halt in the operations. This is common with the industry as the whole industry was impacted negatively and most of the smaller players had to face this scenario. Another important aspect to note is that the company has changed the year end date from June to December. These aspects have to be noted prior to analyzing of

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) - Coursework Example as a company operates and the industry as a whole. Most notable threats are financial capacity of the company, rising cost of raw material and the global economy and high cost of investment and research. These are the threats that are currently present in both Ameresco Inc.and the industry they operate as a whole. These have possessed economic constraints to the firm and lowered profitability. However, there are opportunities too as the industry is experiencing reduced labor cost. In addition, there has been increased internal monetary assistance in the company and opportunities for venture capital. A significant portion of their total revenues is generated by our Canadian subsidiary, Ameresco Canada. Finally under economic threats, it is evident that future changes in exchange rate significantly between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar could so much affect the company’s operating results as major revenues are dependent on the northern America. The industry Ameresco Inc. operate is dynamic and competitive. The level of technology hence becomes a threat as new advancements in technology are required for better service delivery. As a company, Ameresco Inc. operates in a dynamic industry that is involved in designing, developing, and engineering and times installation of projects that minimizes energy, operations and maintenance costs to clients they serve and these are areas of concern should technology fail in future. The company also outsources various energy installation projects due to incapability to handle the specialized technological aspects and these is a threat. Politically, different regulations affect the conduct of not only Ameresco Inc. business, but also the industry they operate in. State and federal legislation and regulations allow them to enter into Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPCs) with government agencies in America. However, the challenge becomes the

Relationship Between Shape and Diffusion Rate Essay Example for Free

Relationship Between Shape and Diffusion Rate Essay Aim To see whether there is a relationship between the surface area and the diffusion rate Hypothesis I predict that the smaller blocks of agar will turn clear, or diffuse first, as it has a smaller surface area. This is because there is less surface area and volume for the sulphuric acid to diffuse into. Apparatus * Three sizes of agar, 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm * 240ml of sulphuric acid [80ml per beaker] * 3 100ml beakers * Tile used for placing the agar * Tissue to wipe off the sulphuric acid off the agar * 3 scalpels * Ruler, measurable in mm * Stop clock * Calculator Method 1. First, cut three pieces of sulphuric acid in the following sizes 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm, as accurately as possible 2. Next, fill the three beakers with 80ml of sulphuric acid each 3. Then, prepare the stop clock, and make sure it is has been reset 4. After, place the three blocks of agar into the sulphuric all at the same time, as well as starting the stop clock once the agar is in the sulphuric acid. 5. Carefully stir the three beakers using the scalpels. 6. Watch until one of the blocks have gone completely clear. 7. Once one of the blocks have gone completely clear, stop the stop clock and take out the three blocks of agar and place on the tissue, and wipe off the excess sulphuric acid from the blocks of agar to prevent further diffusion with the two other blocks which have not been fully diffused to fully diffuse 8. Cut the blocks in diagonal, through the middle and using a ruler, measure how much of it has turned clear on each side. 9. Record the data for time taken, and the depth of the clear part on the table. Results Block number 1 2 3 Block dimensions/mm 20x20x20 20x20x10 20x20x5 Predicted order of clearing 3 2 1 Actual order of clearing 3 2 1 Time taken for clearing 8mn56.29s Depth of clear part on block/mm 3 4 5 Surface area/mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2400 1600 1200 Volume/mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 8000 4000 2000 Surface are to volume ratio O:O.3 O:O.4 O:O.6 Conclusion My prediction as to which block will go clear first was correct, being the smaller block, as its surface area to volume ratio was the greatest out of all three, even though there was not much difference between the three values. This is because the third block has a greater surface area for the sulphuric acid to diffuse into the agar, causing the diffusion rate to be greater. The blocks have become clear through diffusion caused by neutralization between the sulphuric acid and the agar, which is an alkaline. Evaluation Quite a few things did not go as planned in this evaluation, but I have come up with ideas on how to improve them if we do an experiment like this again. Firstly, the jelly size may not be accurate from cutting it, and when it has been stirred, bits of it may have chipped off causing a change in its surface area. Next time, to avoid this, we could measure the block of agar more accurately when cutting it, and also be more careful when stirring the agar and stir softer so that no bits may get chipped off. Not only that, but the time we place the three blocks of agar into the sulphuric acid may be different, as well as the time we started the stop clock. Next time, we may possibly find a different method of putting in and taking out the agar so that it remains a fair test, and so that there are less mistakes in the test, which may be reduced by having one person per block of agar and beaker, as well as another person for the stop clock and placing it in and taking it out all at the same time as well as starting and stopping the stop clock. Another complication may have come from the amount of sulphuric acid in each beaker, which may not have been equal. This problem may be reduced by measuring the sulphuric more carefully, maybe with a measuring cylinder before then placing it into the beaker, instead of measuring it into the beaker straight away. Our measurements of the depth of the clear layer of the blocks of agar jelly may have been incorrect as well, and to prevent this, we could possibly use a microscope next time and use a graticule to measure the depth that the jelly has diffused to obtain a more accurate result. The last problem I noticed while doing the experiment was when we were blotting the sulphuric acid off the agar. I found that there may have been some sulphuric acid left on the agar after we have blotted it, which may have caused further diffusion and adjusting our result. This is caused from not blotting off enough sulphuric acid off the agar. Next time, we could carefully blot all the sulphuric acid, and use one piece of tissue for each block of agar so that there is no sulphuric acid on the tissue before blotting each block of agar.

Ambedkar Open University (BAOU) Essay Example for Free

Ambedkar Open University (BAOU) Essay Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University (BAOU), Ahmedabad was established in 1994 by the Gujarat State Legislature. It is the seventh Open University in the country in terms of their establishment. The University offers 72 programs with an enrolment of more than 1, 00,000 learners. The University has established regional centre on the campus of South Gujarat University, Rajkot and has initiated the process of another establishing regional centre on the campus of North Gujarat University, Patan. It has jurisdiction over the whole state of Gujarat. The main objectives of the university are to advance and disseminate learning and knowledge by a diversity of means, including use of any communication technology and to provide opportunities for higher education to a large segment of the population. The university encourages the Open University and distance education system in the educational pattern of the State. The university is open to all persons irrespective of classes, castes, creed or religion. Education is an important situation all over the world, and is maybe one of the most forgotten topics in the underdeveloped countries. This is the main reason why they don’t contribute to the progress of their own countries. Education is a human right, and as a fundamental right it is the responsibility of governments to provide it. The most important thing is that education influences human development, economic growth and the fundamental requirement for democracy. It is important in a country to invest a big part of the profits in education, because in many countries, governments prefer to invest in weapons without thinking that they should give another direction to the resources from the military where war and win are the most important thing. The government is blind, and they want to see first in the outside than in the inside, when there are more important things to fulfill like basic needs including food, clothing and shelter. Another important reason why it is necessary to invest in education is because children are being prepared to be poor laborers, just as the people years ago. Instead of preparing them for the future, they have been sent to the past with obsolete laws. There is a big necessity for programs that can teach the responsible use of resources, because without the right knowledge these people without education could be wasting a lot of resources and at the same time could be contributing to an unsustainable development. When speaking of development, the role of women is important in these processes, because in the countries  with the highest levels of human development it is declared that they offer equal opportunities and gender equity in their societies. It means that women can reach high positions, and they can do many of the things that were restricted to them a few years ago. When people see

Social Work Planning for Child Abandonement

Social Work Planning for Child Abandonement Since the earliest times of humanity, the social issue of childhood abandonment, and further the social planning for this problem, has been a reality. The issue, although a fairly common occurrence in society, is a rather understudied trend. Additionally, children are a particularly vulnerable population who are often thought to be the property of their parents. This fact alone makes children of less importance in research as they are thought to be under the care and guidance of their mother and/or father. On the contrary, however, most prevalently documented in existing reports on children is the variations of abuse and neglect, even though physical abandonment is just as relevant, if not more important. For example, Who speaks for Joshua? was a question raised by Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun in his discussion of the plight of three-year-old Joshua DeShaney who had been beaten by his parents until permanently disabled (Ashby, 1997). What people should be asking, but arent, i s who speaks for the millions of orphans? Adults can speak for them, of course, but with varying interests and agendas and usually not within the interest of the actual children (Ashby, 1997). There is a much stronger focus on the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse of children than on their complete desertion. This problem is of particular importance because the number of children looking for families in orphanages, foster care, and on the streets is astonishing. It is also concerning that the children who are orphans have no control over their current situation, destiny, or fate. Sociological research has shown family to be one of the most important foundations of life; it is the first social group an individual is a part of, and the impact of the family system on an individual is crucial and wide-ranging. Social workers should better acquaint themselves with the issue of social planning for abandoned children to improve the current and future practice and policy in this area. Introduction Currently there is no one central source which monitors the number of children abandoned across America (Edwards, 2000). While the parental reasons for abandonment are wide ranging, the act of desertion most often results in the child becoming a responsibility of the state, in a child welfare agency, or can at times end in death. Childhood abandonment does not have one clear all inclusive definition. The act of abandonment itself can be as harsh as leaving a child on a door step, in front of a hospital or church, or simply leaving them on the streets to fend for themselves. It could also be seen as parents neglect of a child over an extended period of time (Mason, 2009, p. 29). While the issue of childhood abandonment remains a vast problem in itself, the social planning for abandoned children is also of immense concern. Children can no longer fend for themselves on the streets; orphanages and foundling homes are not sufficient for the individuals attention and stimulation either (Bu rstein, 1981). Thus, the move from the streets to foster care, relative guardianships, or adoptive families is necessary, yet remains extremely difficult for a variety of reasons to this day. There are many problems and difficulties encountered within orphanages, foster care, and ultimately the adoption of a dependent child that need be addressed by current policy. History The social issue of childhood abandonment has been prevalent throughout history and is quite possibly the most extreme form of child neglect. There have been accounts in ancient Greece, from the Hebrews, from Europe and many other ancient civilizations (Burnstein, 1981). In the book History of Childhood (1974), author Lloyd Demause, concluded that love for children did not exist in ancient society; he stated child abandonment was common among the poor until the fourth-century B.C. Perhaps one of the earliest documentations of child physical abandonment is with Moses, who was left by his mother in a conscious effort to save his life (Burnstein, 1981, p. 214). Childhood abandonment can be seen in virtually every society. As early as the colonization of North America, homeless, orphaned children were already running rampant. As much of the literature illustrates, social planning for childhood abandonment was not considered a problem until the nineteenth-century. LeRoy Ashby notes in his book Endangered Children: Dependency Neglect and Abuse in American History (1997), concerns about endangered and needy children have been particularly evident during times of social stress (p. 2). He also notes that most often those who discovered childhood abandonment were only concerned of the disorder and squalor of the growing cities and not the children themselves (Ashby, 1997). This is because children were the hope-or threat-of the future and thus need to be protected (Trattner, 1998). The recognition of neglect like child abandonment was not seen in North America for some time, mostly due to the fact that children remained indentured servants and property of their parents; childhood was not considered a crucial development phase (Trattner, 1998). A transformative view of children came in the 1700s when society beg an to see children as innocents whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦deserved special attention and protection (Ashby, 1997, p.16). Much of the initial response by the colonies in child welfare matters was the result of the 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law, which had significant implications for dependent children (Ashby, 1997). Similarly, the doctrine of parens patriae affirmed the state is the ultimate parent of every child (Ratliff, 2000). However, throughout the colonial and early national times, the extent of laws against child neglect crimes, and furthermore social planning for dependent children, remained rather unclear. Some literature suggests that abandoned children have always been a concern in this country, but this fact is not well documented. The social problem of planning for these neglected children is not well recorded or detailed by any particular person or group of individuals seeing as its existence dates as far back to the earliest man. From the time of mans arrival in the western world, indenture and outdoor relief dominated the seventeenth- and eighteenth-centuries policies regarding child dependency (Ashby, 1997, p. 14). However, for orphan and needy children in the 1700s, officials, fellow citizens, and familial networks responded with sympathy and concern; although their first interest remained with their own families and affairs (Ashby, 1997). Almshouses were established few and far between in the 1700s as small, emergency-only, traditional forms of child welfare (Ashby, 1997). The introduction of such almshouses and orphanages demonstrated that, by the nineteenth-century, new res ponses to child dependency were apparent. Many social work researchers would attribute the recognition of the social planning for dependent children to early-nineteenth century reformers who saw children as the possibility for constructive altruism (Trattner, 1998, p. 108). It was at this time that the child welfare movement swept into the beginning of the twentieth-century (Trattner, 1998). Although indenture systems were the way of early colonial times, they also contained suggestions of child welfare strategies which integrated a shift in values towards foster care and adoption (Ashby, 1997). Values Societal Institutional Arrangements Values played a large role in identifying both the problem and possible resolutions with the issue of social planning for abandoned children in early America. First, the sensitive realization of children as more than property has been essential to the steps toward planning for dependent, neglected children. A change in early America came when society began to recognize children as posing a sort of social problem [that can]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦produce legal responses (Dingwall, Eekelaar, Murray, 1984, p. 208). Charles Brace, the nineteenth-centurys most effective helper of children on the streets, was quoted in saying the child, most of all, needs individual care and sympathy (Olasky, 1994, p. 46). Although Brace is cited much more recently in the literature on dependent child, his thoughts and values are the same upon which the first institutions combating child dependency were founded. In addition, Fredrich Froebel posed that children needed to exercise their minds and bodies (Trattner, 1998, p. 111). Reformers began initiating institutions, such as the orphan asylum, as a solution for the mounting crisis of parentless children (Ashby, 1997). Society had finally begun to recognize the special needs of children and unearthed a new concern for the best interests of the child. The recognition of family values and the family as an elemental social institution also helped interventions, which came about on behalf of the welfare of the child. Charles Braces goal was to find adoptive homes for the orphans to get them under the combination of love and discipline that parents can provide (Olasky, 1994, p. 46). Childhood abandonment is actually first mentioned in the literature in relation to providing basic care for parentless children (Burnstein, 1981, p. 214). Herein lies the fact that social planning for abandoned children has been an issue for many years. In 1729 the first orphanages in the United States were founded by nuns to provide care for a group of children whose parents died in an Indian massacre (Lewis Solnit, 1975). This institution, as well as many others that have since developed, served as a somewhat replacement family for poor neglected children. In some instances, almshouses served to keep poverty stricken families together, allowing families , most often mothers and children, to sleep in the same ward (Ashby, 1997). Many more social agencies similar to these were formed all over North America throughout the 1800s. Another value set forth in this revolutionizing era was that of reforming poverty and unrest in society. Children sheltered in the orphanages were supposed to learn virtue and pietyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦industry and cleanliness, they were educated and taught the importance of hard work (Ashby, 1997, p. 17). Religious values were also on the rise at this time; evangelical religious beliefs and humanitarian attitudes began sweeping across America (Trattner, 1998). Of the 150 orphanages founded between 1820 and 1850, nearly all were tied to religious groups (Ashby, 1997). The combination of the familial, societal, and religious values assisted in the institutions established for the abandoned children in society. Both the values and social institutional arrangements have influenced the understanding of this problem. Family, one of the most fundamental institutional arrangements for a young impressionable child, is nonexistent to an orphan. This has contributed to our understanding that each child is entitled to grow up within a family, they need a safe, nurturing environment with at least one adult figure (Rosenberg, 1992, p. 171). As a society that respects the welfare of children, it is thus the responsibility of individuals to set up well-running safe havens for these orphans. Furthermore, it is societys responsibility to provide the utmost care and protection for neglected, dependent children; whether this is in an orphanage, foster care, or with an adoptive family (Rosenberg, 1992). Due to the familial focus of the almshouses and orphanages, society further realizes that these small, drab institutions are no place for a dependent child to spend their entire young life. Institutions set f orth to house dependent children, as described previously, were intended to provide basic care for parentless children. Furthermore, it thus comes to ones attention that these institutions can quickly become overcrowded and fall short of a real family. Many almshouses, as described by historians and social work researchers, were vile catchalls for victims of every sort of misery [and] misfortuneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦herded together and badly mistreated (Trattner, 1998, p. 113). In fact, most orphanages began as temporary homes for children who had lost one or both parents (Ashby, 1997). This raises the question of what to do once institutions wont suffice as home to an orphaned child or is not a safe place for a youth to reside in; the issues with social planning for orphaned children are wide-ranging and never ceasing. Our understanding, therefore, is that the social planning for dependent children needs revamping. Further Descriptions of the Problem The problem of childhood abandonment affects over 400 million children who live on their own on the streets of hundreds of cities around the world (ISK). The Department of Social Welfare and Development documents over 100 abandoned children turned over to them every 2 months (100 kids abandoned every 2 months). It has also been recorded that a child becomes an orphan every 2 seconds, leaving the number of dependent children looking for families and homes at an alarming, increasing rate (ISK). The population most affected by the social planning for abandoned children is most directly the orphans themselves; however, the problem also affects society at large. With an ever increasing number of dependents, the state has an obligation to care for the growing number of parentless children. Organizations and institutions must sustain their moral values and keep up their work while at the same time receiving and/or raising adequate funds (Rosenberg, 1992). Agencies can often wither away from lack of finances and loss of morale; it is important to remember the welfare of the child and attempt to sustain almshouses, orphanages, and foster homes (Dingwall, Eekelaar, Murray, 1984). Mothers of abandoned children are also being affected, psychologically and emotionally, dealing with the loss of a child they could not afford, did not plan for, or simply could not keep. The future of society is also affected, many fear that if the practice and policy surrounding child welfare does not improve, it is feared that the destiny of America is a national catastrophe; after all, children, even dependent, neglected, and poor children, are todays future (Trattner, 1998). The problem of social planning for abandoned children is namely impacted socioeconomically, by societal values, and by power, or lack thereof. The problem of childhood abandonment tends to persist most often when mothers are frightened that they simply cannot provide for their offspring (Burnstein, 1981). In this case, they will desert the child due to a lack of resources to sustain the childs well-being. Similarly, the state struggles to afford the cost of the ever increasing number of orphans who are turned over to their care (Dingwall, Eekelaar, Murray, 1984). The issue is initially presented, however, because society values family and the protection of parentless children. Furthermore, lack of power in society, related with economic problems can create a less than desirable outcome for caring for these dependent children. Varying child welfare agencies including almshouses and orphanages have continually struggled for funds to support orphan children, and furthermore, foster hom es are few and far between for a variety of reasons. There is a serious lack of families willing and wanting to adopt, therefore leaving orphans to permanently reside in institutions that were meant to be only temporary. The problem of social planning for the abandoned child originated mainly because of the lack of sufficient funds and the power to raise these funds. It is difficult to make a difference, or even bring the problem to the attention of powerful individuals that could make a difference, thus perpetuating the issue. Societal values, as mentioned before, have contributed to the impact of childhood abandonment; family values and the welfare of society are both concerns that sparked the onset of social planning for dependent, neglected children (Ashby, 1997). Societys Response to the Problem In response to the problem of social planning for abandoned children society has long had a desire to help the immense number of boys and girls floating and drifting about our streets (Ashby, 1997, p. 39). In terms of governmental action, several policies have been designed to remedy the social problem. From the year 1641, legislation has continually been passed to protect the rights and lives of innocent dependent children (Ashby, 1997). In the 1700s dependent children and orphans were not cared for but, on the other hand, were considered indentured work for families (Ashby, 1997). The first establishment of orphanages, as stated previously, came about from religious institutions in the 1800s; half a century later, concern about growing up in orphanages, private agencies began placing orphans in foster families (Murray Gesiriech, 2004). Starting in the early 1900s, the first state laws preventing child abuse and neglect were passed and the first federal childrens bureau was establi shed (Murray Gesiriech, 2004). Mainly, the transformation of social services at the start of the early 1960s has affected the social planning for dependent children (Gilbert Terrell, 2010). Since the first gain of financial support in 1962, there have been changes concerning social allocations, both selective and universal, aid in functioning and economic independence in families, income maintenance, and financial grants for services (Gilbert Terrell, 2010). However, most of the continual of these policies focus has been on maintaining the family unit (Gilbert Terrell, 2010). The Social Security Act of 1935 authorized the first federal grants for child welfare services, under what later came to be known as Subpart 1 of Title IV-B of the Social Security Act (Murray Gesiriech, 2004). More recently, in 2008, the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, P.L. 110-351 was enacted. The purpose of the Act is to amend certain aspects of Title IV-B (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) of the Social Security Act in order to connect and support relative caregivers, improve outcomes for children in foster care, provide for tribal foster care and adoption access, improve incentives for adoption, and for other purposes (Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008). The major provisions of the Act are as follows: Allowed states to provide payments, and Medicaid, for kinship guardianship assistance under title IV-E for children whose relatives were taking legal guardianship and hence removing them from foster care Provided stricter criminal background checks, including child abuse and neglect registry checks of relative guardians, and adults living in the guardians home. Allowed services to continue for youth who left foster care, kinship guardianship, or adoption after age 16 by amending the Chafee Foster Care Independence Program Helped at-risk children in foster care reconnect with family members through a variety of programs authorized by grants to state, local, and tribal child welfare agencies and Doubled the incentive payment amounts for special needs adoptions to $4,000 and older child adoptions to $8,000 by extending the Adoption Incentive Program to the year 2013 Obliged child welfare agencies to notify all adult relatives of a child within 30 days of their removal and inform them of the options to become a placement resource for the child, and also required siblings to attempt to be put in the same placement Required that all children receiving foster care, adoption, or guardianship payment to be enlisted in school full-time unless they were otherwise incapable due to a documented medical condition Demanded the integration of healthcare services for children in foster care, including dental services and mental health Required that caseworkers develop a personalized transition plan as directed by the child, 90 days prior to the childs emancipation (Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008) The coordination and focus of this policy, along with other statutes currently in place to combat the issue of social planning for abandoned children alleviates some of the adverse effects on the children. In conclusion, the problem of the increasing number of abandoned children is neither a new issue, nor is the concern of social planning for orphans something newly relevant to the times. The historical overview of the social problem, including who first identified the issue, can provide a context with which to understand and provide groundwork for new directions possible in practice and policy. By examining the role of values and societal institutional arrangements, the problem can be better understood and combatted.

How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Essay -- Essays Paper

How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Introduction: In order to discuss pop art I have chosen to examine the work and to some extent lives of Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol who were two of the main forces behind the American movement. I intend to reflect the attitudes of the public and artists in America at this time, while examining the growing popularity of pop art from its rocky, abstract expressionist start in the 1950s through the height of consumer culture in the 60s and 70s to the present day. Roy Liechtenstein, (fig 1) was born in 1923 into to a middle class Hungarian family living in New York, there was no artists on either side of his family and throughout Liechtenstein’s schooling there were no art classes. He used to paint in oils and draw, sometimes sketching musicians he saw playing in Harlem and the Apollo Theatre as a hobby. It was not until ‘1939’ the summer of his last year at high school that he enrolled in art classes in the Art Students League run by a man called Reginald Marsh. Liechtenstein’s influences regarding his painting style at this time had been the European avant-garde artists such as Picasso. These cubist and expressionist styles were rejected buy by Marsh who favoured painting the masses of New York life such as carnival scenes, boxing matches and the subways catching the detail in fleeting brush strokes, in a non-academic easily recognisable way. This style of recognisable American art that used everyday scenes are dir ectly related to the consumer orientated Pop Art that Liechtenstein was to develop later in his life. Andy Warhol, (fig2) no one, including Warhol him self knows his exact birthday but its thought to be around 1928-1931. Born in Forest city Pennsylvania and christened Andrew Warhola (which he changed in 1949 while living in New York). There are several contradicting stories about his life although he left two autobiographies the factual authenticates are not known, however his parents emigrated to the States from Czechoslovakia in 1909, his father came first to avoid national service and his mother nine years later. His father who worked as a coal minor in West Virginia didn’t play a big role in brining up Warhol, as he was away form home allot. After his death Andrew his mother and his brothers had a very poor existence, during school holidays Andrew sold fruit and helped as a window... ...cles for the American consumer only disconnected from there origins ‘Fig5’. Warhol’s idolisation of the super stars of that era is what set him apart from his contemporaries and immortalised him in popular culture the most famous or these being Marilyn Monroe ‘Fig6’. And this was no accident as his personal goal was to become a star in his own right and he consciously generated a cloak of mystery which made it almost impossible to distinguish the man from the legend â€Å"you can only become famous if everybody is talking about you†(Warhol). Bibliography: All dressed up (the sixties and the counter culture), Jonathon Green, Pimlico 1999. The 50s, Peter Lewis, Book Club Associates, 1978. Fifties source book, Christopher Pearce , virgin imprint W.H Allen & co, 1990 Warhol, Klaus Honnef, Benedikt Taschen Verlag Gmbh, 2000 Lichtenstein, Janis Hendrickson, Benedikt Taschen Verlag Gmbh, 2000 Pop Art, Michael Compton, Feltham-Hamlyn, 1970 Pop as art: a study of the new super realism, Amaya-Mario, London: studio vista, 1965 Pop Art U S A – UK, Japan catalogue committee (isbny8226086), 1987 Cross overs: art into pop/pop into art, Walker John A, London Methuen, 1987

Fantasy Worlds in The Garden Party and Her First Ball by Katherine Mans

In the short stories ‘The Garden Party’ and ‘Her First Ball’, both written by the well-known New Zealand author Katherine Mansfield, the importance of detail lies in several fields. As Mansfield herself states, â€Å"there is an indefinite value and delight in detail† and this is shown constantly as she uses it much effectively to portray themes, provide us with a contrast between the two different settings and also paint us a clear picture of the protagonists’ fantasy worlds. Mansfield shows and doesn’t tell. In both the short stories, she plunges you straight into the imaginative and personified worlds of the protagonists and then the plot follows. The detailed description of the â€Å"perfect day for a garden-party† depicts Laura’s imaginations and excitement for this whole wonderful occasion. Every little detail such as the â€Å"green bushes bowed down as though they had been visited by the archangels† and the fact that the roses understood they â€Å"are the only flowers that impress people at garden-parties† adds to the angelic aura that Laura seems to have put forward so that we as the readers understand better her excitement and great anticipation. She is untainted by the worldly matters such as class distinctions at this point as she is still in her own imaginative world of â€Å"archangels.† Similarly for Leila in Her First Ball, everything is so magical, exactly the way it is in a fairyland. Everything around her is so strikingly new and enthralling. It is Leila’s first ball, and her first exposition to society. Mansfield describes the young girl’s emotions and excitement in so much detail that it incarcerates us in the quaint fantasy world of Leila. Just like Laura, we also sense Leila’s innocence, because â€Å"her first real partner was th... ...escribed in colours of youth, innocence and purity: â€Å"pink and silver programmes†, â€Å"pink and white flags†, â€Å"pink velvet cloak†, â€Å"pink pencils† and â€Å"pink chairs†. Then the contrast sets in with black dispelling this girlish innocence and the carefree atmosphere: the black velvet cloaks of the mother, the fat man’s black suit and the black night, which is threatening. We are held up in the joy and anticipation of Leila’s first ball and with this detail, Mansfield crushes us. This contrast forces us to conclude that nothing can be held, nothing lasts forever. Whatever era we live in, the impermanence of life is what affects every living thing on this planet. All in all, every minute detail in ‘The Garden Party’ and ‘Her First Ball’ is very much significant in that detail is the medium through which Mansfield ‘speaks to our minds’. Not by telling us, but showing us.

Waiting For The Mahatma

R. K. Narayan is one of the postcolonial writers of India who are found to project the nation building attitude in their writings. His Waiting for the Mahatma, set in the surroundings of the writer’s created village Malgudi, is woven against the unconventional backdrop of the freedom movement. But in spite of using directly the national experience as the central theme as did Raja Rao, Narayan puts it in the background giving preference to the personal narrative.In Waiting for the Mahatma, the story develops through the development of Sriram’s character, his encounter with different situations and his romance with Bharoti. At first, Sriram is presented a lazy and complacent young high school graduate living with his grandmother. He has no knowledge of the condition of the country. But once he meets and falls in love at first sight with a young woman, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi and is involved in the freedom struggle. Actually his development through the novel from part 1 to 5 is our medium to know different aspects of the novel.The protagonist, Sriram, is an insipid person who can be easily influenced by anyone. At the outset of the novel, in Part I, we acknowledge that he grows up under the loving care of his grandmother, after the early death of his parents. In that time his life was controlled by his granny. When he is twenty, his grandmother hands over the fat sum of money she had been saving in his name. His irresponsibility is known immediately, when he wants to withdraw a huge sum of Rs. 250/-, but his watchful grandma restricts it to a decent Rs. 50/-. He had no choice rather obey her.Then he came into contact with Bharati and fell into love at first sight. He met her as she was making tin collection for the freedom movement. Bharati’s father had been shot dead while offering Satyagraha against the British during the first Non-cooperation Movement. She, who was just an infant then, was adopted and brought up by the Sevak Sangh, a G andhian institute, as a foster daughter to Gandhi. Bharati has no existence without Gandhi. She has no independent character of her own. She only symbolises Gandhi model of love, non-violence and freedom.Sriram comes into contact with Gandhi through Bharati. The nearer he goes to Bharati the more he learns about Gandhi. Sriram left his Granny at Kabir Road at night leaving behind his household things and went to become a non-violent soldier of Gandhi. His aim was to remain with Bharati. â€Å"Gandhiji welcomed Sriram and told him: ‘â€Å"Before you aspire to drive the British from this country you must drive every vestige of violence from your system. . . . You must train yourself to become a hundred percent ‘ahimsa’ soldier’†. Gandhi could easily read what type of a man Sriram was.So he advised him to leave his materialistic life and accept a spiritual life. Meanwhile Sriram, a pleasure seeking man, was totally changed to a freedom fighter and a fo llower of Gandhi. As part of propagating Gandhi’s message, especially ‘Quit India’, Sriram came to the village named Solur. He halted before a shop and bought two plantains and a bottle of soda. The shop man told Sriram that he had nice biscuits and asked if he wouldn’t try it. Sriram asked him if the biscuit was English. He replied, ‘â€Å". . . Purely English biscuits which you cannot get for miles around.In these days no one else can get them. ’ ‘Have you no sense of shame? ’ Sriram asked. Sriram has transformed from a wayward selfish modern materialist to a spokesman of traditional values, swaraj and nationality. In pursuance of Gandhi’s wishes, while Bharati courted arrest, Sriram kept himself out of it and fell a prey to the machinations of a revolutionary terrorist Jagdish. Temporarily he found satisfaction in his job of setting fire to the records in half a dozen law courts, derailing a couple of trains, paralyzing the work in various schools and exploding a crude bomb.â€Å"But he enjoys these bouts only as â€Å"a relief in his lonely drab life, isolated from all human association. His revolutionary activities give him a feeling of romantic importance and an image of a character out of an epic† but he feels a loss of direction and â€Å"a certain recklessness† about himself. The freedom that he abrogates for himself in disorder as destruction proves him false† Sriram became a violent soldier of freedom. He became a slave of Jagdish who was a follower of Subash Chandra Bose. Jagdish turned the Mempi temple into a fortress.â€Å"Sriram did many destructive works on the request of Jagdish. Soon he understood that by destroying things none could oust the British from India. He felt that Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent weapon was superior to the violent weapon. He was arrested under the Defence of India rule† . Sriram needed a prolonged training in understanding a nd realizing the meaning of love and the wider implications of non-violence in this and the context of freedom. Bharati made him aware of the feminine beauty and Gandhi truth.The materialist Sriram was converted into a spiritualist and patriot by the effort of Bharati and Gandhi. Sriram’s name recalls that of the great hero of the Indian epic the Ramayana. â€Å"While there is some irony here, considering the nature of this particular hero, the detail is significant. The novel could be read as a kind of parable with Sriram as a figure representative of the Indian nation, attracted to the Gandhian teachings but lacking the moral fibre necessary for faithful continued adherence to them†.In the plot of this book, the transformation of the protagonist due to his meeting and falling in love with Bharati is significant. The path of the protagonist’s progress has been from a state of isolated individualism to a state of involvement with others and issues that transcend the self such as love and nationalism. The novel clearly shows how personal life of people is affected by political events. Sriram and Bharati cannot consummate their relationship until India is independent.Even the scope of romantic love is severely crippled under British colonialism. Waiting for the Mahatmais a story of progress and growth of the hero Sriram. From a materialist he has grown to a patriot and man of values. â€Å"At one level, therefore, Waiting for the Mahatma is a story of progress of young, irresponsible, carefree Sriram into a passionate lover, a responsible citizen of the country with a record of considerable sacrifice and a term in jail to make him a complete patriot† Waiting for The Mahatma R. K. Narayan is one of the postcolonial writers of India who are found to project the nation building attitude in their writings. His Waiting for the Mahatma, set in the surroundings of the writer’s created village Malgudi, is woven against the unconventional backdrop of the freedom movement. But in spite of using directly the national experience as the central theme as did Raja Rao, Narayan puts it in the background giving preference to the personal narrative.In Waiting for the Mahatma, the story develops through the development of Sriram’s character, his encounter with different situations and his romance with Bharoti. At first, Sriram is presented a lazy and complacent young high school graduate living with his grandmother. He has no knowledge of the condition of the country. But once he meets and falls in love at first sight with a young woman, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi and is involved in the freedom struggle. Actually his development through the novel from part 1 to 5 is our medium to know different aspects of the novel.The protagonist, Sriram, is an insipid person who can be easily influenced by anyone. At the outset of the novel, in Part I, we acknowledge that he grows up under the loving care of his grandmother, after the early death of his parents. In that time his life was controlled by his granny. When he is twenty, his grandmother hands over the fat sum of money she had been saving in his name. His irresponsibility is known immediately, when he wants to withdraw a huge sum of Rs. 250/-, but his watchful grandma restricts it to a decent Rs. 50/-. He had no choice rather obey her.Then he came into contact with Bharati and fell into love at first sight. He met her as she was making tin collection for the freedom movement. Bharati’s father had been shot dead while offering Satyagraha against the British during the first Non-cooperation Movement. She, who was just an infant then, was adopted and brought up by the Sevak Sangh, a G andhian institute, as a foster daughter to Gandhi. Bharati has no existence without Gandhi. She has no independent character of her own. She only symbolises Gandhi model of love, non-violence and freedom.Sriram comes into contact with Gandhi through Bharati. The nearer he goes to Bharati the more he learns about Gandhi. Sriram left his Granny at Kabir Road at night leaving behind his household things and went to become a non-violent soldier of Gandhi. His aim was to remain with Bharati. â€Å"Gandhiji welcomed Sriram and told him: ‘â€Å"Before you aspire to drive the British from this country you must drive every vestige of violence from your system. . . . You must train yourself to become a hundred percent ‘ahimsa’ soldier’†. Gandhi could easily read what type of a man Sriram was.So he advised him to leave his materialistic life and accept a spiritual life. Meanwhile Sriram, a pleasure seeking man, was totally changed to a freedom fighter and a fo llower of Gandhi. As part of propagating Gandhi’s message, especially ‘Quit India’, Sriram came to the village named Solur. He halted before a shop and bought two plantains and a bottle of soda. The shop man told Sriram that he had nice biscuits and asked if he wouldn’t try it. Sriram asked him if the biscuit was English. He replied, ‘â€Å". . . Purely English biscuits which you cannot get for miles around.In these days no one else can get them. ’ ‘Have you no sense of shame? ’ Sriram asked. Sriram has transformed from a wayward selfish modern materialist to a spokesman of traditional values, swaraj and nationality. In pursuance of Gandhi’s wishes, while Bharati courted arrest, Sriram kept himself out of it and fell a prey to the machinations of a revolutionary terrorist Jagdish. Temporarily he found satisfaction in his job of setting fire to the records in half a dozen law courts, derailing a couple of trains, paralyzing the work in various schools and exploding a crude bomb.â€Å"But he enjoys these bouts only as â€Å"a relief in his lonely drab life, isolated from all human association. His revolutionary activities give him a feeling of romantic importance and an image of a character out of an epic† but he feels a loss of direction and â€Å"a certain recklessness† about himself. The freedom that he abrogates for himself in disorder as destruction proves him false† Sriram became a violent soldier of freedom. He became a slave of Jagdish who was a follower of Subash Chandra Bose. Jagdish turned the Mempi temple into a fortress.â€Å"Sriram did many destructive works on the request of Jagdish. Soon he understood that by destroying things none could oust the British from India. He felt that Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent weapon was superior to the violent weapon. He was arrested under the Defence of India rule† . Sriram needed a prolonged training in understanding a nd realizing the meaning of love and the wider implications of non-violence in this and the context of freedom. Bharati made him aware of the feminine beauty and Gandhi truth.The materialist Sriram was converted into a spiritualist and patriot by the effort of Bharati and Gandhi. Sriram’s name recalls that of the great hero of the Indian epic the Ramayana. â€Å"While there is some irony here, considering the nature of this particular hero, the detail is significant. The novel could be read as a kind of parable with Sriram as a figure representative of the Indian nation, attracted to the Gandhian teachings but lacking the moral fibre necessary for faithful continued adherence to them†.In the plot of this book, the transformation of the protagonist due to his meeting and falling in love with Bharati is significant. The path of the protagonist’s progress has been from a state of isolated individualism to a state of involvement with others and issues that transcend the self such as love and nationalism. The novel clearly shows how personal life of people is affected by political events. Sriram and Bharati cannot consummate their relationship until India is independent.Even the scope of romantic love is severely crippled under British colonialism. Waiting for the Mahatmais a story of progress and growth of the hero Sriram. From a materialist he has grown to a patriot and man of values. â€Å"At one level, therefore, Waiting for the Mahatma is a story of progress of young, irresponsible, carefree Sriram into a passionate lover, a responsible citizen of the country with a record of considerable sacrifice and a term in jail to make him a complete patriot†

Global warming & world Essay

The debate on the cause and effects of global warming has remained a controversy across the political, economic, and academic fronts of the human population. Some opponents of the phenomenon claim that changes in the world climate have been in existence since time immemorial (Kluger). Proponents on the other side assert that mankind activities are to be blamed for the unpredictable climate changes experienced in the modern global community (Kluger). According to available scientific evidence, global warming is the gradual increase in temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere near its surface (Gore 2). Such have been closely attributed to emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Among the common cited effects of global warming is the evident reduction in mountain ice and glaciers reserves in the world polar region and high mountain peaks (Hudson). This has been blamed for the expansion or rise of sea water levels, a fact that threatens the submergence of low lying coastal islands across the globe (Hudson). Another effect of global warming is occurrence of unpredictable weather patters such as very strong winds and rain storms across the globe, as well as prolonged droughts (Gore 3). Global warming has also been established to be a driving force behind the spreading of diseases as well as cropping of new diseases in the world. This essay is written as a critical discussion on the causes and effects of global warming. Global warming is caused by a combination of natural and artificial causes. According to scientists, global warming is caused by increased concentration of greenhouse gases, such as Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat reflected form the earth’s surface and concentrate it in the atmosphere, thus raising temperatures (Pierce 12). Shrinking of the ozone layer found on the stratosphere also contributed to global warming. Just to note, ozone layer is responsible for absorbing the ultraviolet radiations from the sun. Therefore, the shrinking of this layer leads to an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiations reaching the surface of the earth, a factor that serves to increase the temperature of the earth (Gore 3). The shrinking of the ozone layer is caused by increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. From scientific evidence, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere react with the oxygen, which makes the ozone layer, thus reducing its surface area. Some of the natural causes of global warming include decaying of dead matter and volcanic activities (Pierce 47). These two natural activities are closely attributed with production of carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, and methane, all of which are greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is worth noting that of the naturally occurring greenhouse gases, water vapor has the highest greenhouse effects (Pierce 49). Nevertheless, substantial research evidence has indicated that the effects of natural factors to global warming are negligible. This has been associated with the fact that prior to the intensification of industrialization practices by mankind, the problem of global warming was never felt in the world. Mankind has been blamed for causing global warming through his industrialization practices and other practices such as deforestation (Revkin). The most commonly cited greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. According to available statistics, industries across the globe produce an estimated over 25 billion metric tons annually of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Such amounts are approximated to be more than 50 times the rate of carbon dioxide gas emission caused by natural sources. This high amounts of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by industries are attributed to the fact that the industrial sector is mainly powered by energy got from the burning of fossil fuels (Hudson). Still, the increased level of reduction in the world forest cover, which functions to get rid of carbon dioxide from the air, is found to aid in the high amounts of carbon dioxide gas released into the atmosphere (Gore 8). Another common greenhouse gas produced by mankind is methane. According to available statistical evidence, the production of methane has increased by about 150% since 1750s (Michaels 71). Other greenhouse gases produced by mankind activities are nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons. As an explanation, such gas are found to have a longer reaction cycle life span compared to the most common natural greenhouse gas, water vapor. This makes them more disastrous to the ozone layer. There are numerous effects of global warming. According to available research information, the temperature of the earth surface has increased by between 0. 13 and 0. 22  °C since 1975 (Gore 13). Global warming has led to evident reduction in the world polar and mountain ice and glacier reserves. True to the letter, the levels of ice cover in the world have significantly reduced (Gore 2). The Arctic shrinkage rate in the current time is identified as the highest since the history of mankind. This melting of ice and glacier reserves has led to the rise in sea water levels. Evidence from a recent research indicates that the increasing expanding of sea waters threatens the submerging of islands in the coastal regions (Kluger). Another effect of global warming is the constant flooding witnessed along the coastal region across the global (Michaels 67). Increased earth and ocean temperatures have resulted into increased rate of evaporation of water vapor from the seas into the atmosphere. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such water vapor condenses in the atmosphere to produce conventional type of rainfall along the coastal regions. Still, it is worth noting that due to the high temperatures caused by global warming the rate of water evaporation is quite high. Such is the reason for the common occurrence of flood rains in the coastal regions. Destructive wind and rain storms as well as heat waves are also effects of global warming (Gore 14). From scientific principles, wind is caused by expansion of air. Also, wind is responsible for the transferring of water favor from region to region, thus influencing rain patterns. The world has been marked with unpredictable and destructive winds. This has been closely attributed to the increase in the temperatures of the earth surface which result into expansion of air. It is these strong winds which transfer water vapor from region to region, a factor that compromises the predictability of weather patterns. A good example of this effect is the hurricane Katrina storm in America which killed numerous Americans and destroyed property worth billions on the southern region of the United States of America. Another example is the Greece heat waves which have resulted into lose of life and property (Revkin). These unpredictable climate conditions are to be blamed for the problem of food insecurity affecting the global community. Lastly, global warming has led to increased spreading of diseases across the globe (Michaels 98). Unlike during the past, diseases are no longer region specific. Such have been closely attributed to the changing of weather conditions of the different parts of the world as well as the action of wind in transporting the diseases across climatic regions. Still, the world is witnessing an increase in the number of skin cancer diseases (Kluger). This has been associated with the increased level of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth surface due to global warming. Global warming is also blamed for increased tolerance of diseases to treatment. In conclusion, global warming is a real threat to the sustainable social and economic development of the human community. It is the reason behind food insecurity in the globe and a threat to life and property (Revkin). Another effective of global warming is that it has led to reduction in the level of ice and glaciers reserves in the world. Since the main cause of global warming has been associated with man’s activities such as industrialization and deforestation, there is need for devotion of global efforts towards the adoption of environment friendly production processes. References Gore, Albert. An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York: Rodale, 2006. Hudson, Paul. â€Å"What Happened to Global Warming? † What Happened to Global Warming? 9 Oct. 2009. 19 Mar. 2010. Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"Global Warming Heats Up. † Global Warming Heats Up. 26 Mar. 2006. 19 Mar. 2010. Michaels, Patrick. Meltdown: The predictable distortion of Global Warming by Scientists, Politicians, and the Media. New York: Cato institute, 2004. Pierce, Richard. Energy Independence and Global Warming. Environmental Law 37 (2007): 112-201. Revkin, Andrew. â€Å"A Shift in the Debate Over Global Warming. † A Shift in the Debate Over Global Warming. 6 Apr. 2008. 19 Mar. 2010.

Informative speech on sleep Essay

I. Attention Gainer: â€Å"Even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a good way to lose weight. The light sleepers ended up eating far more than those who get nine hours of sleep.† According to author Tara Parker-Pope of The New York Times published on March 18, 2013. II. Thematic Statement: Most people don’t think about the long term effects of not getting enough sleep you need to function properly. But if we all were to go to bed at a reasonable time, then not only will it improve your physical health it will also improve your mental health. III. Preview: I am going to begin by talking about how much sleep do we need according to our age? Then what goes on with our brains during sleep and lastly I will explain the implications of lack of sleep. Body: I. Main Point #1 (How much sleep do we need according to our age) A. According to The National Sleep Foundation last updated March 22nd, 2014 â€Å" Studies confirm that on average adults need at least 7 to 9 hours of sleep to complete all stages of sleep.† Also after further research newborns 1 month to 2 months old need 14 to 18 hours, Infants 3 to 11 months old need 13 to 16 hours, toddlers and children need about 11 hours, and teens need 9 to 10 hours. These variations of sleep time is because of growth and repairs the brain and the body need. Neither can be obtained if you’re always up. B. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website last updated January 13, 2014 states that â€Å"50-70 million U.S Citizens have been recorded to have sleep deprivation (or lack of sleep) caused by various reasons.† Various reasons meaning that the lack of sleep could be anything from a medical problem to self-infliction of sleep deprivation. Internal Summary #1: Now that we are aware of the amount of sleep we need, let’s now discuss about our brain activity during sleep. II. Main Point #2 (What goes on with our brains during sleep) A. According to The National Institute of Neurological disorders and stroke last updated April 28th, 2014 â€Å"During sleep, we usually pass through five phases of sleep: stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and  REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.† The article also states that 50 percent of our sleep is during stage 2, 20 percent in REM sleep, and the other 30 percent in the remaining stages. B. Stage 1 of sleep is also known as light sleep where we drift in and out of sleep. This stage is where we can be woken up the easiest. Stage 2 is where our brain activity and eye movement start to slow down and stop. Stage 3 brain waves start to begin with slow and fast movements. Stage 4 also known as deep sleep is the toughest stage to wake someone up. It is the stage where there is no eye movement or muscle activity and if you were to awaken during this stage. The results would be the feeling of grogginess or disorientation. The last stage REM sleep aka Rapid Eye Movement is the dream stage of sleep. Where we fantasize about our life and day occurrences. Internal summary #2: We have discussed what goes on with our brains during sleep, let’s finish with the implications lack of sleep has on our society. III. Main Point #3 (Implications) A. Sleep is a very important factor in our everyday lives in fact according to The National Association of Science last updated April 14, 2014 â€Å"Sleep deprivation can cause severe cases of anxiety and can also lead to insomnia.† B. Without sleep our brains cannot not work to the best of its abilities. Scientists can’t discover new things, students will continue to fall asleep in class, and people that work 9 to 5 jobs could and will go mentally insane. Conclusions: I. Summary Statements: We are now familiar with the amount of sleep we need depending on ages, what our brain activity is like during sleep, and how sleep impacts us all as a society. II. Concluding Remarks: Since I researched this topic very thoroughly I can now help people who refuse to sleep for decent hours realize what they are doing to themselves. WORK CITED National Sleep Foundation â€Å"how does sleep deprivation affect us† Web 27 June 2014 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention â€Å"Sleep deprivation† Web 27 June 2014 National Association of Science â€Å"Negative implications of sleep deprivation† Web 27 June 2014 The New York Times â€Å"Lost Sleep Can Lead to Weight Gain† Tara Parker-Pope published on March 18, 2013. Web 27 June 2014. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web 27 June 2014